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This article focuses on three representative women authors of Canadian children¡¯s literature to discuss their contribution in the genre. Catharine Parr Traill, known as the first writer of children¡¯s literature in Canada, describes the wild yet bountiful Canadian nature and the diligent optimism of the three children in Canadian Crusoes. In the process, the role of women in promoting the pioneering and colonizing powers becomes important. L. M. Montgomery¡¯s Anne of Green Gables describes the heroine realizing her desires for a home. Anne is an outsider that is ultimately taught to conform to the society. However, she also recreates her surrounding environment and voices out opinions that criticize the status quo. Sheila Burnford¡¯s The Incredible Journey presents the Canadian wilderness as a vast, dangerous place for the three animals. Human domestic spaces and women¡¯s caretaking labor allow the three animals to maintain their identities as pets and reach their goals. The three authors describe femininity, nature, and domesticity in varying ways, enriching the scope of children¡¯s literature in Canada.
This study aims to compare the position of English education in Korean high schools to the other core subjects: Korean and mathematics. Since the College Scholastic Achievement Test (CSAT) reportedly influences students¡¯ subject selection, this study investigates the correlation between them by analyzing selection ratios among these three core subjects. Data is collected from the three types of high schools in all 17 educational districts across the nation£general high schools, special purpose high schools, and vocational high schools. A two-sample proportions test is used to ascertain the differences in subject selection ratios, and a K-means clustering analysis is implemented to categorize regional characteristics according to the differences in subject selection ratios. The findings reveal the following: first, regardless of the school type, English education has weakened due to the current system of evaluating English in the CSAT compared to Korean and mathematics. Second, selection tendencies differ according to the school type. Third, according to the three subject areas, the 17 educational districts can be categorized into 4 or 5 clusters. These results imply that the weakening of English education in high schools can aggravate the problematic ¡°English Divide.¡± Therefore, the uneven playing field that the present CSAT system creates must be revised quickly.
- MERGE, Transfer and CED Effects
- ±èÀçÁØ(Jaejun Kim);¹Ú¸í°ü(Myung-Kwan Park)
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In Chomsky et al. (2019), Merge recently conceived as a structure-building operation is reformulated into MERGE, an operation on a workspace (WS). A WS is a computational space where syntactic objects undergo MERGE. The present study aims at accounting for the condition on extraction domain (CED) initially formulated by Huang (1982) by virtue of accessibility, labeling and Transfer. We specifically propose that when a non-minimal projection XP in its base-generated position engenders a labeling problem due to {XP, YP} structure, it undergoes immediate Transfer upon its introduction to resolve such a labeling problem. It readily explains the general ban on extraction out of subjects, adjuncts, and moved phrases. However, passive subject, in-situ subject and exceptional adjunct phrases are each labeled properly so that immediate Transfer does not take place, being transparent to later MERGE/MOVE. The sub-extraction from moved phrases is accounted for as well in keeping with the parallel movement hypothesis (Chomsky 2008) coupled with Rizzi¡¯s (1990) Relativized Minimality, which eventually defends Müller¡¯s (1996, 1998) generalization. All in all, this paper deduces CED effects within the framework of MERGE, in terms of accessibility.
This essay examines how comics have been utilized as a type of children¡¯s/young adult literature within Canada by focusing on Moonshot: The Indigenous Comics Collection series (3 volumes; 2015-2019). The essay thus fills a gap within the scholarship on Canadian children¡¯s literature, which has, for the most part, focused predominantly on picture books or novels. If one aspect of children¡¯s literature is their educational value, the Moonshot series aims to educate Canadian youth on the long-neglected history of colonial oppression and to raise awareness of the ongoing repercussions of colonial violence affecting Aboriginal populations. Moonshot thus practices an anti-colonial pedagogy via ideology critique of hegemonic whiteness. The Moonshot series attests to how Aboriginal tradition and culture provides Indigenous youth of today with not only a better appreciation of their traditions, but also a way of dreaming of alternative futures that do not repeat a traumatic past.
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This paper aims to analyze the form of life, or the arts of living that humans and nonhumans make together on the verge of extinction after the pandemic in Margaret Atwood¡¯s MaddAddam through the lens of Donna Haraway¡¯s ¡®Compostism¡¯. It focuses on the new form of life, or the five arts of living dedicated to the multispecies flourishing. The first is to recognize that humans are not modern humans, but are composts. The second is not to succumb to despair and the politics of indifference, but to stay with the troubles and devote ourselves to the possible recovery. The third is to jump into the compost heap to encounter unexpected companion species, and train tirelessly to ¡®becoming-with¡¯ them. The fourth is to wage a ¡®Gaia War¡¯ against modern humans who cannot negotiate. The fifth is to attempt at odd practices related to reproduction. This novel urges us to recognize that we are compost and relentless try to ¡®worlding-with¡¯ nonhumans for a worldly flourishing on a damaged ¡®pandemic planet¡¯.
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In an overview of Canadian children¡¯s literature, French influence on it along with British cannot be overlooked. Canadians have gone through the process of finding their own literary identity, independent of Britain, France, and the United States. In particular, Canadian works on myths, legends, and folklore were in many cases taken from materials in England and France, and Canandian children¡¯s literature was significantly influenced by them. This paper refers to The New Republic of Childhood, and studies French Canadian folk tales written in English, which have received relatively little attention in the history of Canadian literature. Among them, The Golden Phoenix by Marius Barbeau and Michael Hornysky and The Wicked Fairy Wife by Mary Alice Downie are explored, focusing on folklore retold with storytelling as the unique Canadian folktales. French-Canadian legends and folktales written in English should not be overlooked in that they have gained global popularity compared to folktales written in French.
Wulfstan¡¯s Antichrist¡¯s language allows impersonal verbs, which means that it is a + Null-subject parameter language, a typical OE characteristic. With regard to Head-parameter, the language of The Antichrist is characterized by the Head-final parameter in that concerning the word order, V2 appears in main clauses and V-final in the underlying subordinate clauses. Relative pronouns are frequent, including the simple ©e and ©e preceded by a demonstrative. The simple relative pronouns were regarded as typical in the late West Saxon dialect as used in Wulfstan¡¯s Antichrist and later OE. Van Gelderen (2018) is frequently inaccurate through her misconception of the Antichrist regarding the tense of the verb bēon ¡®to be.¡¯ The only OE verb which has a unique future form is the verb bēon ¡®to be¡¯, which may be used for the future or for a statement of an eternal truth (gnomic use). The Antichrist in the Bible is a figure due to appear in the future, particularly in the period just prior to the Second Coming of Jesus Christ and the Last Judgment. Therefore, the OE verbs bi©£ and wyr©£ in Wulfstan¡¯s Antichrist should be translated as ¡®will be¡¯ and ¡®will become¡¯ in many sentences. This shows that understanding an OE text and tense requires knowledge of its background, in this case, knowledge of the reference in the Bible to the Antichrist due to appear in the future.