본 연구는 산업연관분석을 활용하여 우편 및 택배업이 전체 산업 활동 전반에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것이다. 또한 산업연관분석을 응용한 단위구조행렬과 사회연결망 분석을 통해 우편 및 택배업 관점에서 다른 산업들과의 네트워크 연결성과 네트워크시각화 분석을 시행하는 것이다. 이를 통해 우편 및 택배업의 현재 위치와 현황 및 전체 산업들과의 관계를 확인하며, 어떠한 산업들과 전략적 관계를 가져야 하는가를 제시하는 것이다. 이를 위해 2019년에 발표된 가장 최신의 실측 자료인 2015년 산업연관표를 활용하여 물류산업을 중분류 기준으로 수정 작성하였으며, 우편 및 택배업의 투입계수, 생산유발계수, 부가가치유발계수, 산업간 연쇄효과에 대한 내용을 제시하였다. 또한 산업연관분석과 단위구조행렬 매트릭스를 활용한 사회연결망 분석으로서 연결중앙성, 인접중앙성, 사이중앙성의 내용과 함께 네트워크 시각화 분석으로써 총 37개의 산업들 중 우편 및 택배업과 밀접하게 연관된산업들과 그렇지 않은 산업들을 명확하게 구분하여 제시하였다. 이로써 우편 및 택배업이 전체 산업에 미치는 영향 효과로서 각종유발계수 분석 결과에 따르는 대응방안, 네트워크 특성 및 구조 분석 결과에 따르는 발전방향, 전략적 제휴 및 파트너십을 강화하여야 하는 산업들을 제시하였다.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to analyze the moderating effect of network density in the relationship between SME size and export performance. Design/Methodology/Approach A survey was conducted on small and medium-sized export companies located in Jeollanam-do, and a multiple regression analysis was performed. Findings Using a sample of 150 small and medium exporting firms located in Jeollanam-do province, the results revealed that the size of an SME was found to have a significantly positive (+) effect on export performance. Network density was found to moderate the relationship between SME size and export performance for an inverted U-shaped relationship. Research Implications Based on network theory, we argue that there is a nonlinear moderating effect of network density (inverted U-shaped) between the size of SMEs and export performance, and this study presents useful theoretical and practical implications in that it empirically analyzed this relationship.

Purpose This study composed panel time series data from 1998 to 2019 for 16 metropolitan cities and provinces and analyzed how FDI inflow contributes to technical efficiency and technical change which are the components along with regional productivity. Design/Methodology/Approach In this study, Malmquist productivity analysis was performed to calculate regional productivity, and the calculated productivity, decomposed technical efficiency, and technical change variables were estimated by the impulse response function and forecast error variance decomposition of the panel VAR model. Findings The inflow of FDI contributed to changes in productivity and technical efficiency in 16 metropolitan cities and provinces. However, as confirmed by the results of the impulse response function, the impact of FDI inflow was greater than productivity and technical efficiency than the technical change. As a result of forecast error variance decomposition for this variability, technical change was limited and there was a change in the inflow of FDI in terms of actual productivity and technical efficiency. Research Implications 16 metropolitan cities and provinces need a policy change to enhance industrial competitiveness through the linkage between regional growth structure and technology revolution.

Purpose Recently, the increase in the volume of cargo at container terminals is accelerating. Amid this, container terminals are spurring automation due to COVID 19 and cargo enlargement. Design/Methodology/Approach Container terminals propose cost saving and the service quality improvement competitively by improving the efficiency of the terminal operating system, adjusting the loading and unloading cost compared to other competitors, and providing differentiated ancillary services, and they seek various methods to attract cargo and prevent the deviation of existing customers. Findings This study conducted the economic feasibility analysis through container number recognition based on container number recognition process, algorithm, a Tos system, and loading and unloading hardware application method, and in the case of a Discharge·Load crane manual system, the B/C ratio is 0.8 as a result of cost benefit analysis, and the value is less than 1. The net current value analysis showed the input amount by the net current value is about 33.6 billion Won, while the collection amount is about -8.2 billion Won. The internal rate of return (IRP) is estimated to be 8, which is smaller than 10%, the social discount rate. Therefore, if the container terminals are operated with the Discharge·Load crane manual system, the result value shows the economic feasibility is short if the Discharge·Load crane automation system B/C ratio is 1.6 as a result of cost benefit analysis, and the value is more than 1. The net current value analysis showed the input amount by the net current value is about 33.8 billion Won, while the collection amount is about 19.9 billion Won. The internal rate of return is estimated to be 12, which is bigger than 10%, the social discount rate. Therefore, if the container terminals are operated with the Discharge·Load crane automation system, the result value shows economic feasibility exists. Research Implications In conclusion, if the Discharge·Load crane manual system is used, the result value shows the economic feasibility is short while if the Discharge·Load crane automation system is adopted, the result value shows economic feasibility.

Purpose Culture is composed of various elements such as language, religion, tradition, norms, values, and lifestyle of members of society. Many researchers have studied the impact of culture on trade in various ways. However, there are no studies on the effect that culture promotes cultural goods trade and increases trade as a mediator of cultural goods trade. Therefore, this paper intends to find out the impact of culture on cultural goods trade and the impact of culture on trade as a mediating role of cultural goods trade. Design/Methodology/Approach Using the mediating effect model, it analyzed the direct, indirect, and total effects of cultural differences between countries on trade. It empirically analyzed the size, direction, and effect of culture on trade volume mediating cultural goods trade. Findings As a result, it was not different from studies in advance. GDP per capita had a significant negative effect on trade, but it was found to have a significant positive effect on cultural goods trade. RTA has a significant effect on trade, but it was not statistically significant that the mediating effect of RTA on trade. All variables were analyzed to have a mediating effect except for RTA. Research Implications It is implied that the people of countries with high GDP per capita are more interested in world culture, which promotes trade in cultural goods. It suggests that interest or preference for cultural goods is not mainly local like RTA, but global. Therefore, Korea needs to research and develop cultural goods to spread exports around the world and create synergies that lead to the export of other products.

Purpose OTA (online travel agency) is a new tourism organization type in which the characteristics of the typical hospitality organization and the IT organization coexist. Therefore, it is needed to conduct research on OTA in terms of human resource management and organizational operation. In addition, in modern society, employee perspectives are shifting from organizationalcentered to self-centered, and thus, individual career management is becoming ever more important. Employability and career commitment are considered to be important variables in career management; whereas job satisfaction and turnover-intention are variables frequently used in HRM research. Design/methodology/approach The mediating effect of career commitment in the relationship between the perceived employability and job satisfaction and turn-over intention are tested. An online questionnaire was conducted and the collected data were analyzed using AMOS 23.0. Findings As a result of the analysis, it was found that employability of OTA employees had a significant positive (+) effect on career commitment, and career commitment had a significant positive (+) effect on turnover intention. However, employability did not appear to have a significant effect on job satisfaction or on turnover intention, so career commitment did not have a mediating effect. Research Implications The results of this study show different results from those of existing tourism organization research and traditional travel agencies, so that a better understanding of human resources and organizational management in the new field of tourism companies, including OTA, which is newly emerging based on the web, is possible.

Purpose International entrepreneurship involves the identification and exploration of the right market. As such, entrepreneurs are faced with challenges which determine their success in a foreign market. In this regard, this study tries to examine firms’ internationalization process from the view of psychic distance through opportunity exploration. Also, this study investigates the influence of government support between exploring overseas opportunities and internationalization. Design/Methodology/Approach To test our model, we used a structural equation model with 230 survey samples collected from venture companies in South Korea. The research model consists of seven constructs with interrelated causal paths which requires the performance of an explanatory factor analysis (EFA) and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). This study also uses a multiple group analysis to investigate the influence of government support on the relationship between opportunity exploration and a firm’s degree of internationalization. Findings This study identifies that business distance, language distance and institutional distance have a negative influence on Korean entrepreneurs who intend to explore opportunities in the foreign market. Moreover, the multi-group results show that between opportunity exploration and firm’s degree of internationalization, the level of government support has an important mediating effect. Research Implications The significance of this study lies in improving the body of knowledge about international entrepreneurship. This research contributes to international business studies by revealing how government support helps override the difficulties posed by psychic distance. For example, government support (e.g., tax incentives, direct subsidies and government policies) can assist entrepreneurs in coping with the barriers caused by business distance, language distance and institutional distance. Overall, the importance of the government support program towards entrepreneurship cannot be overemphasized since it shapes the entrepreneurial decision to enter foreign markets.

최근 들어 폐기물 특히 식품의 손실⋅폐기물의 감축을 위한 정부와 지자체(특히 서울시)의 노력이 가시화되고 있다. 오늘날 식품의 손실⋅폐기 문제는 식품의 공급에서 단순히 양을 줄이는 일뿐만 아니라 생산에서 소비에 이르는 과정에서 배출되는 온실가스(GHG)를 증가시켜 기후변화의 주요 요인이 되고 있다. 전 세계 식품산업이 배출하는 온실가스는 21∼37%에 이르며, 전체 산업제3위에 해당하는 온실가스 배출원이다. 식품 분야 탄소배출 감축 대책은 단순히 생산단계에 머물거나 반응과 효과가 빠르게 나타나는 소비단계의 식품손실⋅폐기 감축에만 정책 초점과 관심을 집중할 게 아니라 생산→ 유통→ 소비→ 폐기를 포함하는 푸드시스템 관점에서 추진될 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 도매시장 중 가락시장 유통과정 최적화로 청과물의 손실⋅폐기 발생 요인 분석과감축 및 자원화 관리체계 개선 방안을 고찰하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 통해 온실가스 배출을 저감하는데 최종 목적이 있다. 2010년전국 33개 도매시장 연간 식품쓰레기 발생량은 133,250톤으로 청과물이 85%로 대부분을 차지하였다. 2010년 가락시장의 식품쓰레기 발생량은 25,587톤으로 전국 도매시장의 19.2%를 점유하는 것으로 나타났다. 2020년 전국 도매시장의 쓰레기 발생량은 64,548 톤으로 줄어 ‘10년에 비해 42.9%나 감소하였다. ‘20년 가락시장 식품폐기물은 7,034톤으로 줄어 그 감축률이 47.4%로 전체 도매시장보다 쓰레기 감축률이 4.5%나 높다. ‘20년 가락시장 농수산물 쓰레기는 전국 공영도매시장의 농수산물 쓰레기 75,635톤의 14.4% 를 차지하여 ‘10년에 비해 4.8%나 감소하여 더 높은 비율로 쓰레기가 줄어든 것으로 나타나 가락시장이 여타 도매시장보다 앞서식품폐기물 감축을 위한 노력이 소기의 성과를 거둔 것으로 판단된다. 식품폐기물 감축과 자원화를 위한 가락시장의 주요 관리체계는 농산물 포장화, 청과시장(2010년) 및 수산시장(2020년)의 쓰레기종량제 시행, 쓰레기 분리와 분리수거, 쓰레기 무단투기 단속, 벌크출하→파렛트단위 출하 등 물류체계개선, 팔다 남은 농산물의푸드뱅크 기부 확대 등을 들 수 있다. 가락시장은 이러한 관리체계의 도입으로 여타 도매시장보다 높은 괄목할 성과를 거둔 것으로 판단된다. 연구의 방법은 공영도매시장의 쓰레기처리 현황과 감축 및 자원화와 관련된 국내외 문헌조사와 통계 데이터 등을 수집⋅분석및 검토하여 발생 요인 및 처리 현황을 파악하였다. 본 연구는 가락시장 식품폐기물 발생 요인과 감축 및 관리방안에 대해 중점적으로 고찰하였다. 이와 관련된 미래의 주요 연구과제로는 자원과 에너지 소비를 줄이는 식품폐기물 수집⋅운송 시 저온유통체계의 도입, 처리(감축 및 재활용)의 효율화를 위한 실시간 통계 DB 공유, 효율적 처리를 위한 처리시설 간 협업 네트워킹 및 공영도매시장의 책임성 강화 등 식품폐기물 처리로 순환경제사회 구축에 기여하는 것이다. 본 연구가 이러한 시대적 요구에 유용하게활용되길 기대한다.

Purpose – Multiple stakeholders—including politicians, investors, and the wider public—have questioned the value of investing in port infrastructure improvements and the contributions they can make to economic performance. Design/methodology – This paper presents an empirical study of 56 countries with seaports from the year 2006 to 2019 to determine how the quality of port infrastructure affects its contribution in terms of trade openness and economic growth. To this end, this study applies hierarchical multiple regression analysis with panel data to empirically examine the economic impact of port infrastructure quality on the relationship between trade openness and economic growth. After the 56 selected countries were categorized as developed or developing, a multi-group panel data analysis was conducted. Findings – The results of this study show that trade openness has a significant positive effect on the national economy. The findings also indicate that, although developing countries should expect greater economic growth after investing in port infrastructure, this relationship weakens as developing countries become richer. Originality/value – The findings of this study not only elucidate the relationship between trade openness and national economic growth, but they also emphasize the importance of trade openness and port infrastructure in national economic growth, particularly among developing countries.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to establish an export strategy using the international entrepreneurial orientation, which is one of the corporate strategies of early-stage companies, and to draw implications that can be used to enter the overseas market and create corporate performance by using it. Design/Methodology/Approach To examine the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on the ability to adapt to overseas markets and export performance, as well as the moderating effect of business psychic distance, this study used 208 export start-up companies as the research subject. Findings The following summarizes the findings of this study. To begin, the effect of sub-factors of international business orientation, such as innovation, initiative, and risk taking, on overseas market adaptability and export performance was identified. Second, it was ascertained whether adaptability to foreign markets had a statistically significant effect on export performance. Finally, it was found that the group with a high degree of business psychic distance demonstrated a greater degree of difference significance. Research Implications This study presented a strategic direction for early stage start-ups undergoing internationalization, and in subsequent research, we will expand the study by including variables related to compan strategy.

Purpose This paper analyzes the reasoning of the judgment of the United Kingdom Supreme Court in the Versloot Dredging BV and another v. HDI Gerling Industrie Versicherung AG and others (The DC Merwestone) (2016) in finding that there is no remedy or sanction for the use of fraudulent devices (so-called “collateral lies”) in insurance claims and to consider potential implications for insurers. Design/Methodology/Approach The methodology is a literature analysis starting from case facts and the reasoning with short comments on legal implications. Findings Despite no sanction provided by law for the use of fraudulent devices, the room still opens for the insurers to stipulate the consequence of using the fraudulent devices by the express term in the insurance contract. Research Implications The case of the DC Merwestone may have wide implications for insurers in the future, where there is uncertainty over whether a fraudulent device has had any material effect on their ability to claim. The result of this study raises awareness of the marine insurance industry (especially insurers) as to the approach of the English law towards the use of fraudulent devices. It will need to wait and see what further decisions are made in this area in order to see how these will affect the insurance industry as a whole.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to verify the effects of automated versus service employee services on consumption happiness and interaction quality through the warmth and competence. In addition, this research investigates the moderating roles of service types. Service types are classified into transactional and relational services. Design/Methodology/Approach This study tests six hypotheses through experimental designs using scenarios. Insurance and tollgate services were chosen for manipulating service types based on previous research. 260 respondents participate in the experiment. Scenarios were produced 2 (automated versus service employee services) x 2 (transactional and relational services). Reliability and validity were examined through Cronbach α testing and factor analyses. For hypotheses testing, Hayes’ process macro was used. Findings The results of this study show that service employee services affect warmth and competence more positively than automated services. The positive influences are greater in relational services than in transactional services. Moreover, warmth and competence play mediating roles between an independent variable and interaction quality and consumption happiness. Also warmth directly improves competence, interaction quality and consumption happiness. Research Implications When marketing managers automate services in service encounters, they should consider perceived warmth and competence of social cognition theory for enhancing interaction quality and consumption happiness. Automation could undermine consumption happiness and interaction quality because of weakened warmth and competence. Also service marketers need to examine the negative effects of automation on consumers’ responses in different service types.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to evaluate the economic effects of FTAs using the concept of value-added exports. So far, the economic effects of FTAs have been dependent on decrease in import prices due to tariff cuts in importing countries, but the actual tariff reduction need to consider the value added of the exporting countries. Design/methodology – Value-added export refers to the added value created in the exporting country out of total exports. Among value-added exports, direct value-added export is interpreted as the Regional Value Contents (RVC), from which the economic effect of the FTA can be analyzed. A modified GTAP-VA model takes into account RVC in order to estimate accurate effects of FTAs. Findings – By the re-evaluation of the FTA based on the RVC, this paper makes it clear that the economic effects of the existing FTA methodology have the possibility of overestimation. In addition, as a new FTA with a strengthened Rules of Origin (ROO) is being initiated, a negative impact on international trade and GVC utilization may occur. Originality/value – This study introduces the concept of value-added export in analyzing the effects of FTAs. The new analysis methodology of this paper emphasizes the importance of value-added exports. Re-organization of GVCs would change regional trade agreements and empower ROO by weakening existing GVCs and transforming the value chain from global into regional scope.

중국의 35개 상장물류기업들은 2015∼2020년의 5년간 효율성이 매우 빠르게 증가하였다. 중국 정부의 물류산업 중장기발전계획을 비롯한 다양한 지원정책들이 효과를 나타내고 있음을 시사한다. 하지만 중국 물류기업들의 효율성 증가는 일부 기업들의 매우 빠른 성장에 기인하고 기업별로 편차가 크다. 기업들의 흥망성쇠도 비교적 빈번할 뿐만 아니라 규모에 대한 효율성도 최근까지크게 개선되지 않고 있다. 총요소생산성지수(TFPI)로 산정한 생산성 역시 5년간 매우 빠르게 상승하였는데, 기술변화지수(TCI)와변화 양상이 매우 유사하였다. 반면 기술적효율성변화지수(TEI)는 같은 기간에 거의 변동이 없었다. 결국, 중국 상장물류기업의 총요소생산성은 내부적인 생산요소의 효율적 결합에 의한 효율화보다는 외부환경 요인으로서 기술 변화가 주도한 것으로 판단된다.

Purpose This paper analyzes how wages, capital stock, exports, imports, overseas direct invesments (ODI) as well as technical efficiency affect employment elasticity in Korea’s manufacturing industry. Design/Methodology/Approach To analyze determinants of employment elasticity in the manufacturing sector, we measure technical efficiency by using the stochastic production frontier model. Using panel data consisting of 40 manufacturing industries drawn from the Industrial Statistical Analysis System (ISTANS), we clarify what negatively affected employment elasticity during the period between 2005 and 2019. Findings Our empirical analysis shows that ODI and capital have statistically significant and positive effects on employment elasticity while wage and imports have statistically significant and negative effects. Moreover, employment elasticity increases as technical efficiency improves. Our study implies that the establishment of a global network through overseas direct investment contributes to increasing domestic employment. Also, capital appears to have a complementary relationship with employment so that investment is important to increasing employment. Research Implications In the case of manufacturing industries with a comparative disadvantage, it is necessary to promote industrial restructuring to increase technical efficiency and promote the relocation of labor.

Purpose The Last-Mile Logistics Service Industry Service Development Act, enacted on January 26, 2021, was enacted to stabilize jobs, manage institutional bases, and protect workers in relevant industries. This study aims to lay a foundation for flexible thinking for environmental adaptation and creating a logistics foundation for a new era by examining the logistics environment and logistics trends of the COVID-19 pandemic era. Design/Methodology/Approach This study theoretically analyzes implications and countermeasures for the Last-Mile Logistics Act. Findings Industrial progress in the modern era is faster than the law. It seems desirable to manage the flow of logistics through step-by-step regulatory strengthening rather than fully controlling it through the enactment of the law. Research Implications The Last-Mile Logistics Service Industry Development Act of the era of logistics 4.0 seems to be clearly necessary for industrial development and the promotion of the rights and interests of workers and consumers of last-mile logistics services. However, as mentioned above, we will reconsider whether the approach is a sufficient convergence of the times, such as whether one is protected when making a delivery of food by car, whether it is possible to protect new mobility, and whether it can solve carbon-neutral arrangement.

본 연구는 소셜 빅데이터 분석 방법인 텍스트 마이닝을 활용해 온라인상에서 유통 부문의 4차 산업혁명 기술 키워드 트렌드들에 대해 빈도 분석(TF-IDF)을 실시하였다. 빈도 분석을 통해 도출된 키워드들 간의 중요한 위치 관계에 대해 네트워크 분석을 실시하였다. 다음으로 코로나 19 이전과 이후의 유통 부문의 4차 산업혁명 기술 키워드들의 추세변화에 대해 대응표본 평균 비교분석을 통해 통계적으로 차이가 있음을 분석하였다. 코로나 19 이후, 2020년에는 데이터 분석, 고객 맞춤형 추천 서비스 등 빅데이터 활용 관련 4차 산업혁명 기술에 대한 키워드들이 더욱 부각되고 있음을 확인하였으며, 향후에도 이 추세는 이어질 전망이다. 또한 4차 산업혁명 기술이 유통산업에 미치는 영향에 대해 온라인상에 나타나고 있는 긍정 또는 부정적 이미지에 대해 감성 분석을 시행하였다. 향후 4차 산업의 정책을 주관하는 정부나 이를 받아들이는 기업들은 단순한 효율성뿐만 아니라 유통산업의 전체적인 균형 발전, 중소 상인들, 택배 종사자들 보호 등 상대적 피해 해결 등의 과제 해결에 심혈을 기울여야 한다. 급속히 발전하는 4차 산업혁명 기술들을 원활하게 받아들이기 위해서는 4차 산업혁명과 관련된 제 부문에 대한 통일된 정의, 관련 법규 제 정비, 그리고 새로운 기술에 대비할 수 있는 소비자 보호정책 등에 대한 제 정비가 필요하다.

Purpose This study analyzes the Supreme Court precedent and research the relationship of subrogation rights of cargo insurers to sea carriers based on responsibility for issuing bills of lading and responsibility for transporting, unloading, storing, and delivery of cargo. Design/Methodology/Approach This study performed a literature review and analysis of Korean Supreme Court Decision 2018Da249018 decided on June 11, 2020. Findings The results of this study are as follows. First, if the sea carrier is the employer or agent of the sea carrier who issued the first bill of lading or is entrusted with the authority to issue the bill of lading, he is subject to the subrogation right of the cargo insurer. Second, the issuer of the validity bill of lading is not responsible for transporting, unloading, loading, storage, and delivery of the transport cargo and is not subject to the subrogation right of the cargo insurer. Third, if the issuer of the validity bill of lading is liable for unloading, loading, storage, and delivery from the time the ship enters the port of arrival due to the employer, agent, subcontractor, or shipper of the first bill of lading, he is subject to the subrogation right of the cargo insurer. Research Implications T he party to the claim for subrogation of the cargo insurer means all parties, including sea transport, except the insured, policy holder, and insurer, who are liable for damages to the insured in the same manner as the shipper’s right to claim damages to the sea carrier. In transit trade transactions in which a single cargo is transported on a single route, switch bills of lading cannot be issued due to the trade transaction structure. Nevertheless, when a switch bill of lading is issued, it becomes a validity bill of lading and becomes an illegally issued bill of lading. When a bill of lading is issued, the party to the claim for subrogation of the cargo insurer shall determine whether the party in charge of unloading, loading, storage, and delivery of cargo after its arrival at port is subject to thell of lading should not be regarded as a bill of lading, but as a cargo reimbursement certificate necessary for land transportation in the area where the ship arrives.

Purpose The study’s purpose was to study the development of e-commerce trade finance according to the expansion of Korea’s fintech industry amid the development of the global fintech industry. Design/Methodology/Approach This can lead to the expansion of the ICT-related financial sector in the USMCA which includes Canada on the existing Korean trade. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare well for such ICT-related trade finance fields in the expansion of trade in North America. For the top 11 fintech-related companies in Europe, the largest source of revenue is related to payments. In other words, 45% of the total business scope of Fintech companies in Europe is being used as such. The payment settlement method is a transaction agency service method performed to a financial institution through the Internet. Findings Looking at the fintech investment trend in Canada’s western region, it is estimated that it will increase by 9.14% from 2020 to 2025. In the case of 2025, it is estimated from using the ARIMA (1, 1, 0) model, and from 2020 to 2024, the estimate of Accenture (2020) is used. Research Implications In the case of Korea, fintech financing included credit rating systems and loans can be facilitated for small and medium-sized export companies that are in the current global trade situation. Global trade may contract due to the pandemic and protectionism. Therefore, it is needed to actively utilize the Fintech field has to grow after 2022. In addition, trade finance services through fintech companies will be provided to domestic and foreign traders.