본 연구의 목적은 초등학생 태권도 참여자의 여가제약, 자기효능감 및 생활만족의 관계를 분석하는 것이다. 연구 대상은 2021~2022년 2월까지 인천에 거주하며 태권도장에 참여하고 있는 193명이다. 자료처리는 SPSS 21 및 AMOS 21 프로그램을 활용하여 빈도분석, 확인적 요인분석, 상관관계분석 및 구조모형방정식 분석을 실시하였다. 이에 따른 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 초등학생 태권도 참여자의 여가제약은 생활만족에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 초등학생 태권도 참여자의 여가제약은 자기효능감에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 초등학생 태권도 참여자의 자기효능감은 생활만족에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 종합적으로 초등학생 태권도 참여자의 생활만족 수준을 예측하는 변인으로 여가제약, 자기효능감은 설명될 수 있다. 따라서 생활만족 수준을 높이기 위해 여가제약을 줄이고 자기효능감을 높이는 방안이 필요하다.

본 연구는 대학에서 e스포츠 이론 강의를 한 강의자가 질적연구의 방법 중 자문화기술지 방법을 사용하여 e스포츠의 여가적 특성, 학문화 가능성 및 한계를 탐구하기 위해 수행되었다. 본 연구를 통해 밝혀진 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 연구자로서의 나는 e스포츠 강의자로서 e스포츠 이론 강의 경험을 통해 e스포츠 학술화의 세 가지 가능성을 발견하였 다. 첫째, 수강생 응답을 통해 e스포츠 관련 대학 강의의 필요성을 확인하였다. 둘째, 긍정적인 강의평가와 피드백을 통해 e스포츠 학술화의 가능성을 발견하였다. 셋째, e스포츠의 여가적 특성을 확인하였다. 넷째, e스포츠에서 파생된 추가적인 강의 주제를 확인하였다. 또한 강의자로서 다음과 같은 e스포츠 학술화의 한계를 확인하였다. 첫째, 기존 학문적 토대 부족으로 인한 수업설계의 한계를 확인하였다. 둘째, e스포츠 자체에 대한 부정적인 사회적 시선이 e스포 츠 학술화의 한계점으로 확인되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 향후 e스포츠를 통해 이론 강의를 하고자 하는 교수자들에게 강의자인 나의 경험을 제공함으로써 강의 설계에 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구의 대상은 중국 10개성에 위치한 스키장에서 동계레저스포츠 활동을 하고 있는 18세 이상 성인 남녀를 모집단 으로 선정하여 설문지를 배포한 다음에 연구자와 보조 조사원이 직접 현장에서 설문지를 회수하였다. 회수된 설문지 583부 중 데이터 코딩 과정에서 응답이 불성실한 자료는 검색과정을 거쳐 39부를 분석 대상에서 제외하고 최종 544부를 실제 분석에 이용하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 참가동기가 행동의도에 미치는 영향을 기능성 요인이 매개하는 효과가 나타났다. 둘째, 참가동기가 행동의도에 미치는 영향을 심미성요인이 매개하는 효과가 나타 났다. 셋째, 참가동기가 행동의도에 미치는 영향을 보관성요인이 매개하는 효과가 나타났다. 넷째, 참가동기가 행동의 도에 미치는 영향을 상징성요인이 매개하는 효과는 나타나지 않았다. 다섯째, 참가동기가 행동의도에 미치는 영향을 서비스요인이 매개하는 효과가 나타났다.

본 연구의 목적은 아마추어 골프대회를 후원하는 기업의 브랜드 이미지와 고객만족도, 구매의도와의 관계를 분석하는 것이다. 아마추어 골프 대회 참가자로부터 총 230개의 설문지를 수집하였다. 데이터는 SPSS 및 AMOS로 분석 하였 다. 빈도분석, 확인적 요인분석(confirmation factor analysis), 타당도와 신뢰도 분석, 상관관계분석, 구조방정식 모형 (structural equation model) 분석을 수행하였다. 첫째, 기업 브랜드 이미지는 고객만족도에 통계적으로 유의한 양(+) 의 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 고객만족도는 구매의도에 통계적으로 유의한 양(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 기업브랜드이미 지는 구매의도에 통계적으로 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 넷째, 고객만족은 기업브랜드이미지와 구매의도와의 관계에서 유의한 매개역할을 한다. 기업은 아마추어 골프 대회를 후원하면서 긍정적인 브랜드 이미지, 고객 만족 그리고 구매의도에 중요한 역할을 하고 있음을 제시하였다.

본 연구는 코로나19라는 사회적 재난을 경험한 스피드 스케이팅 선수들의 심리적 변화를 현상학적 접근방법을 통해 탐색하였다. 연구 참여자는 의도적 표집방법 중 기준 표집을 사용하여, 조건을 충족시키는 5인을 선정하였다. 자료는 심층면담, 참여관찰, 현장 기록 등의 방법을 통하여 수집하였고, 수집된 자료는 Giorgi의 기술적 현상학 방법 4단계에 따라 분석하였다. 연구의 진실성을 위해 연구 참여자들에 의한 검토를 진행하였고, 자료를 검토하는 과정에서 삼각 검증법을 실시하였다. 자료 분석 결과 50개의 의미단위, 15개의 하위 구성요소가 도출되었고, 심리적 변화에 따른 상황적 구조 기술은 변화, 난관, 적응, 극복의 과정으로 도출되었다. 엘리트 스피드 스케이팅 선수들은 코로나19라는 외상으로부터 불안, 불만, 상실, 목표의식 상실 등 부정적인 심리를 장시간 경험하였지만, 침투적 반추를 거쳐 의도적 반추에 도달해 외상 후 성장을 이끌어낸 것으로 확인되었다.

본 연구는 교양체육참여대학생을 대상으로 그릿과 신체적 자기효능감 및 지속적 참여의도의 관계에는 어떠한 관계가 있는지 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 이러한 연구의 목적달성을 위하여 SPSS 18.0 및 AMOS 18.0을 사용하여 빈도분석과 확인적 요인분석, 탐색적 요인분석, 신뢰도분석 그리고 상관관계분석을 실시하였다. 그 후, 모형을 설정하여 구조방적 식모형(SEM)을 통한 변인 간의 인과관계를 규명하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 교양체육참여대학생의 그릿은 신체적 자기효능감에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 교양체육참여대학생의 신체적 자기효능감은 지속 적 참여의도에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 교양체육참여대학생의 그릿은 지속적 참여의도에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 교양체육참여대학생의 그릿과 지속적 참여의도의 관계에서 신체적 자기효능감 이 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 행복하고 건강한 대학생활의 영위는 물론 나아가 평생체육의 발판을 마련하기 위해서는 그릿과 신체적 자기효능감을 향상시키기 위한 다양한 교육프로그램방안이 모색되어져야 할 것이다.

OBJECTIVES The risk of falls increases due to decrease in balance ability in elderly. A safe environment that can prevent slipping in daily life is required to prevent falls. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of socks with non-slip pads on improving foot stability and balance in the elderly. METHODS Sixteen older women aged 67-87years complete tests while wearing non-slip socks and/or normal socks. Measurements were taken for body composition, static and agility/dynamic balance, and self-reported wearing sensation. RESULTS Agility/dynamic balance was higher in the non-slip socks group than that in the normal socks group (p<0.05). The static balances did not differ significantly between the two groups (p>0.05). There were no differences between the two groups in terms of comfort, thermal, wet, tactile, and fit sensations according to the wearing of the socks (p>0.05). Significant higher stability sensation was observed in non-slip socks group than normal socks group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that the use of non-slip socks will help to prevent falls that may occur during indoor or outdoor activities and also improve exercise performance in the elderly.

OBJECTIVES This study examined the immediate effect of unilateral ankle or knee joint cooling on the lowerextremity kinematics and kinetics during two-legged jumping and landing. METHODS Twenty healthy adults randomly completed three data collection sessions for ankle or knee joint cooling, or control. For each session, participants performed two-legged countermovement jumps and lands. For joint cooling, two ice bags were directly placed to the right side and secured with a compression bandage. A three-dimensional motion analysis system (200 Hz) with two floor-embedded force platforms (2000 Hz) was employed to capture the jumping and landing. The cooling effects on kinematical (flight time, and sagittal plane joint angles) and kinetical (peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), impulse, and sagittal plane joint moments) variables were examined. A mixed-model analysis of variance was performed for each dependent variable (p≤0.0001 for all tests). RESULTS We did not observe any interactions (flight time: F2,95=0.67, p=0.52; joint angles: F2,209≤2.26, p≥0.10; peak vGRF: F2,209≤1.76, p≥0.20; impulse: F2,209≤2.54, p≥0.10; joint moments: F2,209≤4.80, p≥0.01 for all interactions). Regardless of condition and time (side effect), subjects showed a dominant-leg predominant movement strategy. Specifically, the right side showed a greater peak vGRF (2%), and greater ankle (7%), knee (6%), and hip (11%) joint moments, as compared with the left side during jumping. The same movement pattern was observed during landing that there was greater peak vGRF (11%) and impulse (8%), and greater ankle and knee joint moments (15%). Regardless of time and side (condition effect), subjects with ankle joint cooling showed 5% lesser ankle joint moment during jumping, compared with those who received knee joint cooling (p=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS A 20-min of unilateral ankle or knee joint cooling seems to neither alter vertical jump height nor change movement biomechanics during two-legged jumping and landing.

This study was conducted to find out in what direction cyber education is good for Taekwondo education, especially youth, and what social meaning it has in the era of Metaverse, and the following conclusions were drawn. First of all, due to COVID-19, it was possible to confirm the trend of changing the social atmosphere to a method using Metaverse, that is, cyberspace. In addition, education tailored to various Metaverse times is also required, and efforts are being made to establish a paradigm of a new era in each field of education in line with these demands. And Taekwondo is expected to have a large effect because it is smooth to switch to cyber education and has high accessibility to youth, the main learners. And the fact that individual training takes place in cyberspace is also the basis for Taekwondo to be meaningful as a major physical activity education event in the Metaverse era. And it can be seen as an effort to adapt to the new paradigm, and Simulation claimed by Baudrillard can be applied as a criterion for interpreting this meaning. Simulation can be a social theory that can reveal a new phase of education that can replace reality, and this attempt is thought to serve as a stepping stone for stable settlement in the future cyber education era.

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in body composition, physical fitness levels, blood variables and bone mineral density in Taekwondo athletes through 12 weeks of mask-wearing training. A total of 33 Taekwondo athletes participated in this study and they were divided into three groups: Gyeorugi (n=11), Poomsae (n=11), and Demonstration (n=11). Data analysis was performed using paired t-test and two-way ANOVA by SPSS ver.26. It was found that 12 weeks of mask-wearing training had a significant effect on body composition, predicted Vo2max, muscular endurance, flexibility and muscle power. However, in the case of bone mineral density, was not changed statistically significant level. We suggest that In the future, it is necessary to include the group of not mask- wearing training and various age and gender groups as a control group.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the electronic body protector’s experience value according to the level of taekwondo involvement on the loyalty through the athlete’s emotional response. A total of 287 questionnaires were collected from october to november 2021. For data processing, SPSS V.23.0 and AMOS 23.0 were used. The result is as follows. First, the experience value was found to have a significant effect on the pleasure. Second, experience value was found to have a significant effect on the arousal. Third, experience value was found to not have a significant effect on the dominance. Fourth, pleasure was found to not have a significant effect on the loyalty. Fifth, arousal was found to not have a significant effect on the loyalty. Sixth, dominance was found to not have a significant effect on the loyalty. Seventh, The influence of experience value on the loyalty through the athlete’s emotional response showed differences depending on taekwondo involvement.

OBJECTIVES Firefighter (FF) is an occupation which needs high fitness abilities. However, most of Korean FFs in the capital city have relatively low fitness levels and they have difficulty participating in exercises owing to their emergency environments. Kinect-based mixed reality device (KMR) is a device that can deliver exercises with live visual feedbacks by detecting motions at any time while needing few human resources. Therefore, KMR could be an adequate tool for FFs to provide exercise. However, there are no studies that identified the reliability and validity. So, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the reliability and validity of KMR and the intensity of the fitness program for relatively low-fit FFs. METHODS Using a test-retest design, five male participants underwent three trials with 1wk washouts. The participants underwent 1 screening and 2 workout sessions. The fitness program using KMR last approximately 25 min. Intensity was measured using the heart rate (HR), rated perceived exertion (RPE), and finger-tip lactate. HR and RPE were measured before, during, and after the exercise using the Polar watch and Borg scale. Finger-tip lactate were measured before and after the exercise using Lactate Pro2. Cronbach alpha and Pearson correlation were determined for reliability and validity based on the HR and RPE. RESULTS Excellent reliability (Cronbach alpha: 0.967, 0.969) and strong correlation (r = .525 - .814, .718 - .958; very large) were observed with regard to the HR and RPE. Additionally, HR, RPE, and post-workout lactate showed a moderate-to-high intensity response in exercise program. Conclusions: The results suggest that KMR is a reliable and validate device to provide fitness programs and the fitness program designed for relatively low-fit FFs showed a “moderate-to-high” intensity response, which is an adequate physiological response for relatively low-fit Korean FFs.

OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the effects of a 24 weeks combined rehabilitation exercise program on the subjective questionnaire, isokinetic muscle function test and dynamic balance test of high tibial osteotomy patients with normal weights and obese individuals. METHODS Sixteen tibial osteotomy patients were recruited in the study. They were divided into two groups(normal weight group[n=8] or obesity weight group[n=8]). A pre-test consisting of subjective questionnaire, isokinetic muscle function test and Y balance test. Using the same test in 12 weeks, 24 weeks after the surgery. All groups completed the rehabilitation exercise program for the duration of 24 weeks. RESULTS The significant interaction was observed between group and time on the involve bilateral flexor strength deficits (p=.045) and the posteromedial reach distance (p=.041). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a 24 weeks rehabilitation exercise program is needed after high tibial osteotomy in order to restore the same level of activity as before surgery.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of perception of error, deliberate practice, and perceived performance of University Taekwondo Athletes. To this end, 321 Taekwondo athletes (male 207, female 114) participated in this study. Collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regression using SPSS 22.0 version. The results revealed as follow. First, learning from error, error risk taking, and thinking about error had a positive effect on deliberate practice. Second, learning from error and thinking about error had a positive effect on performance satisfaction while error risk taking and thinking about error had a positive effect on will to win. Third, deliberate practice had a positive effect on performance satisfaction and will to win. In conclusion, athletes’ perception of error is key component to enhance deliberate practice and perceived performance. Furthermore, deliberate practice was also identified as a variable that improves perceived performance.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the causal relationship between management orientation and management performance by combining the crisis communication strategy of Taekwondo managers with SNS. A total of 193 samples were sampled from January 3 to February 25, 2022 for Taekwondo managers located in the Chungcheong area, frequency analysis confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and structural model were performed through SPSS and AMOS. First, hypotheses 1-3 were adopted as the risk communication strategy had a positive (+) effect on management orientation. Second, Hypothesis 2 was adopted as that management orientation has a positive (+) effect on management performance. Third, crisis communication strategy was found to have a positive (+) effect on business performance. Therefore, Hypothesis 3-1, 3 were adopted. The characteristics of SNS were revealed through the research results in that they can derive meaningful results in a crisis situation.

OBJECTIVES This study examined the effects of clubbell exercises in a pitcher training program on the range of motion (ROM), muscle function, and its subsequent influence on pitching velocity. Additionally, this study aimed to develop an optimal training program to prevent injury while improving pitcher performance. METHODS Eighteen pitchers were included and equally divided into clubbell exercise and control groups. Clubbell training was conducted through 60-minute sessions twice a week for 12 weeks. Internal/external rotational (IR/ER) ROM, IR/ER muscle strength, muscle endurance, muscle power, and pitching velocity were measured before and after the intervention. RESULTS The IR (p = 0.051) and total ROM (TROM; p = 0.05) of the throwing arm decreased in the control group but increased in the clubbell exercise group, with an observed tendency of interaction. In the non-throwing arm, the ER ROM was significantly different between the two groups (p <0 .05), also with an observed tendency of interaction (p = 0.055). IR peak torque per body weight at 60°/sec significantly increased in both groups over the exercise period (p < 0.01). Total work per body weight and average power of IR at 180°/sec increased in both groups over the exercise period (p < 0.01). The pitching velocity decreased in both groups throughout the exercise period (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although 12 weeks of clubbell training had limited effects on ROM, the findings revealed that this exercise could be effective in improving pitching performance, preventing injuries, and maintaining long-term performance. Further studies are recommended for a more detailed assessment.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of moderate downhill running exercise on glucose tolerance and skeletal muscle phospho-AMP activated protein kinase(P-AMPK) expression in type Ⅱ diabetes rats. METHODS 8-week-old, 24 wistar & GK rats (type Ⅱ diabetes model) were randomly divided into 4 groups, NR, NE, DR, DE. Downhill running treatment were performed on the treadmill at the -16 % and speed of 16m/min for 1 hour. All groups were done with Oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT) and after 1 week washout period, rats in exercise groups performed downhill running. After exercise treatment, soleus muscle of rats were extracted for test of P-AMPK expression. RESULTS In OGTT, blood glucose levels in all groups were increased after the oral glucose load and these were significantly differ from rest level. But in DE group, blood glucose level at 120 min after OGTT was not significantly differ from rest level. In immunoblotting test for P-AMPK expression of skeletal muscle, NE group was significantly higher than NR group and DE group was significantly higher than other groups. CONCLUSIONS Downhill running exercise improved glucose tolerance and increased P-AMPK expression of skeletal muscle in type Ⅱ diabetes rats.