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Journal of Global Business and Trade Vol. 18, No. 2 ¸ñÂ÷
Journal of Global Business and Trade Vol. 18, No. 2 ¸ñÂ÷
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The International Academy of Global Business and Trade / Journal of Global Business and Trade Á¦18±Ç Á¦2È£ / 2022 / 1-1 (1 pages)
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Improvements in the Practice Application of UNCUECIC
Improvements in the Practice Application of UNCUECIC
Sung-Wan Ko;So-Young Kang;Ka-Young Oh
The International Academy of Global Business and Trade / Journal of Global Business and Trade Á¦18±Ç Á¦2È£ / 2022 / 33-44 (12 pages)
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Purpose – ¡®United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts¡¯ (UNCUECIC), established at the 60th UN General Assembly in 2005, is the most applicable law for securing legal certainty and practical predictability and is expected to remove legal obstacles in CBEC. Design/Methodology/Approach – CBEC laws, current studies, UN and UNCITRAL periodical publications, and research by the Korea Ministry of Justice and Korea Customs Service are analyzed qualitatively, focusing on issues with the CLOUT Case and practical evidence from corporations in CBEC business. Findings – The practical necessities of UNCUECIC are suggested by reviewing cases from UNCITRAL and CBEC corporations. First, UNCUECIC provides a legal certainty, removes legal obstacles and increases practical predictability. Second, the convention allows technological neutrality, accepting all forms of electronic communication to create, deliver, and store regardless of technology or media referring to ¡®Form of Freedom¡¯. Third, it allows all forms of electronic communication with functional equivalence. Research Implications – First, a certified electronic address satisfies the form requirement. Since the information system is vulnerable to the authenticity due to legal uncertainty, it can secure legal certainty and practical predictability in CBEC. Second, an interpretation like ISBP unifies practices and reduces risks in contracts. Also, it removes ambiguous clauses for dispatch and receipt. Therefore, it provides practical clearness, uniformity, and predictability Third, the effort of individuals, and corporations, and governments are strongly suggested. Training and technical support, currently focused on the improvement of export competency, should move to uniformed legal training, solving issues, and, as a consequence, increase practical predictability.
The Impact of COVID-19 on the World Economy
The Impact of COVID-19 on the World Economy
Seung-Hwan Yoon;Jong-Hwan Ko
The International Academy of Global Business and Trade / Journal of Global Business and Trade Á¦18±Ç Á¦2È£ / 2022 / 79-98 (20 pages)
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Purpose – The coronavirus, which appeared in Wuhan, China in late 2019, has had immense ramifications on the global community. This paper undertakes to identify the economic impact of COVID-19, which has spread as a global pandemic, on the global economy and international trade. Design/Methodology/Approach – Using a global, multisector, computable-general-equilibrium model, this paper attempts to assess the potential economic impacts of COVID-19. The baseline scenario was set up using the World Bank¡¯s macroeconomic data, such as real GDP, population, labor, and capital from 2015 to 2019, to calculate future estimates. Policy scenarios were established by (1) drops in employment rate (0.4~8.8%) of the analyzed countries, (2) a 5% increase in trade costs, (3) an 8.3% decrease in income reduction, and (4) lastly, a 50% fall of income in affected services industries. Findings – Results show that the GDP of all countries, including the United States and China, contracted, demonstrating that COVID-19 is not only limited to a specific country but also negatively affects the economic growth of all countries. Regarding international trade, exports and imports of all countries have declined due to the increase in trade costs resulting from COVID-19. However, in terms of the trade balance, each country exhibits slightly different patterns. Some countries, such as the United States, ran a trade surplus and others recorded a trade deficit. Although aggregate exports and imports around the world declined, the reason some countries recorded a trade surplus was that imports declined more than exports did, so it would be reasonable to view it as a ¡®trade surplus in an economic recession¡¯. Research Implications – Analytical results imply that the COVID-19 pandemic is not limited to a specific region and has a negative impact on countries around the world, signifying that the only way to lessen economic damage is to surmount COVID-19 as soon as possible.
Uzbek Migrant Workers in Korea: The Impact of Remittances on Uzbekistan Trade and Economic Growth
Uzbek Migrant Workers in Korea: The Impact of Remittances on Uzbekistan Trade and Economic Growth
Min-Kyoung Shin;Ho Kim
The International Academy of Global Business and Trade / Journal of Global Business and Trade Á¦18±Ç Á¦2È£ / 2022 / 17-32 (16 pages)
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of Uzbekistan migrant remittances to their origin country and suggest policy implications. Design/Methodology/Approach – This paper reviews previous research. Based on the understanding of the status of and challenges to labor migrants, this paper examines the effects of remittances of labor migrants from Korea to Uzbekistan. Findings – This paper draws some findings. Most migrants crossed the border for better nutrition for the family in the developing world. For Uzbek migrant workers in Korea, a majority are from rural areas of Uzbekistan. Migrant families need remittances for their poor households. In particular, household consumption, schooling, healthcare, vital necessities, expenditure on own and children¡¯s marriages, real estate, and other basic services are reliant on money from Korea to Uzbekistan by labor migrants. Research Implications – Based on the findings of the paper, this paper gives implications that both the governments of Korea and Uzbekistan should acknowledge migrant problems and try to solve the challenges faced by Uzbek labor migrants. Additionally, this paper found that a better migration policy is necessary. Through a better migration policy, the data quality and quantity can be achieved for the future monitoring of migration. Organizations in charge need to perform more surveys or investigations with administrative support to households to publicize difficulties related to migrants or remittances. This paper also emphasizes the control of illegal migration and money transfers to reduce human trafficking and financial crimes by recording proper official remittance inflows. This paper will help researchers in the future find better immigration policies to protect labor migrants and to promote development of their origin countries.
Does Inflation Targeting Policy Matter for Inflation Performance?
Does Inflation Targeting Policy Matter for Inflation Performance?
Eun-Son Lim
The International Academy of Global Business and Trade / Journal of Global Business and Trade Á¦18±Ç Á¦2È£ / 2022 / 59-77 (19 pages)
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Purpose – Inflation targeting (IT) is a practice that central banks around the world began to adopt as early as 1990. Due to the high accountability and high transparency of central banks under IT policy, the practice expected that inflation targets would have better inflation performance. In this study, it is explored whether inflation targeting policy has positive effects on inflation performance, focusing on inflation persistence. Also, it is explored whether the behavior of inflation rates overshooting or undershooting a target range (or a tolerance band around a target level) is asymmetric. Design/Methodology/Approach – An autoregressive (AR) model is adapted with a self-exciting threshold autoregressive (TAR) model to study inflation persistence before and after inflation targeting was adopted, respectively. To address issues that events unrelated to inflation targeting policy could explain the findings, counterfactual exercises for non- inflation target are conducted. Findings – It was found that inflation target, particularly developed inflation target, have experienced a decrease in inflation persistence after implanting inflation targeting. Also, there is limited evidence on the asymmetrical behavior of inflation rates between overshooting and undershooting an inflation target range, or tolerance band, around a target level. Research Implications – The findings in this study support the positive effect of IT policy on inflation performance. In particular, it is stronger for developed inflation target than less developed inflation target. In addition, the findings support that most central banks do not show asymmetrical responses to inflation rates between overshooting and undershooting a target range or tolerance band around a target level.
The Influence of Social Crowdedness in Retail Stores on Consumers¡¯ Shopping Satisfaction in the COVID-19 Era: A Focus on the Moderating Effects of Happiness and Time Perspective*
The Influence of Social Crowdedness in Retail Stores on Consumers¡¯ Shopping Satisfaction in the COVID-19 Era: A Focus on the Moderating Effects of Happiness and Time Perspective*
Tae-Min Kim;Jong-Ho Huh;Yoon Kim
The International Academy of Global Business and Trade / Journal of Global Business and Trade Á¦18±Ç Á¦2È£ / 2022 / 1-15 (15 pages)
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Purpose – The construct of social crowdedness has been debated whether it impacts consumer shopping satisfaction positively or negatively. However, as the COVID-19 has prolonged, people fear places full of people due to possible contamination and so they avoid such areas. Therefore, this study expects that social crowdedness has a negative effect. However, this study also predicts that consumers¡¯ individual values could moderate the negative effect of social crowdedness. Design/Methodology/Approach – This study recruited an experimental study design for the research purpose above. Through two experiments, this study examined the effect of social crowdedness on shopping satisfaction and the moderating effect of happiness perspective (study 1) and time perspective (study 2). Findings – The study found that people in a high social crowdedness condition showed lower shopping satisfaction. Furthermore, this negative reaction in a high social crowdedness condition was moderated depending on their dominant perspective. Research Implications – Those with calm happiness and present-fatalistic perspective showed even greater shopping satisfaction in low social crowdedness conditions. In contrast, those with exciting happiness and present-hedonic time perspectives showed comparably higher satisfaction in a high crowdedness condition. The results are expected to provide critical strategic implications to retail managers.
A Study on the Sources and Prevention of Trade Fraud in the Validity of a Bill of Lading and Letter of Credit
A Study on the Sources and Prevention of Trade Fraud in the Validity of a Bill of Lading and Letter of Credit
Je-Hyun Lee
The International Academy of Global Business and Trade / Journal of Global Business and Trade Á¦18±Ç Á¦2È£ / 2022 / 45-57 (13 pages)
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Purpose – This paper identiies the source of trade fraud and provide solutions to prevent trade fraud by examining the legal and issuance requirements of a Switch Bill of Lading, the legal characteristics of a Bill of Lading that do not meet these legal requirements, and the relationship between the L/C payment method and liability of bonded area operator. Design/Methodology/Approach – This study performed a literature review and analysis of Seoul Court Decision 2012GaHap516056 decided on August 23, 2013. Findings – The results of this study are as follows. First, a Bill of Lading that does not meet the legal and issuance requirements of a Switch Bill of Lading is a validity of bill of lading, not a Switch of Bill of Lading. Second, when these two independent L/C payment methods are applied, source of trade fraud arises. Third, if the validity of bill of lading is linked to the two independent L/C payment methods and the liability of bonded area operator, imported cargo can be legally taken out of the bonded area. Fourth, the issuing bank and the negotiating bank can be victims of trade fraud if the validity of a bill of lading and two independent L/C payment methods are linked to the liability of bonded area operator. Research Implications – In the case that validity of bill of lading and the two independent L/C payment methods are linked to the liability of a bonded area operator, the risk of an L/C payment at the issuing bank or the negotiating bank can be prevented if the issuing bank or the negotiating bank use a cargo item code number to access the national customs network and shipping port logistics information system.
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Çѱ¹Åë»óÁ¤º¸ÇÐȸ / Åë»óÁ¤º¸¿¬±¸ Á¦24±Ç Á¦1È£ / 2022 / 77-94 (18 pages)
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