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This article overviews general exception clauses under the WTO agreementsand reviews the similar or identical clauses in the free trade agreements(FTAs),particularly those concluded by Korea(12), Chin...
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This article overviews general exception clauses under the WTO agreementsand reviews the similar or identical clauses in the free trade agreements(FTAs),particularly those concluded by Korea(12), China(7) and Japan(13). The articlealso compares general exceptions under WTO agreements and FTAs to find outinconsistency of rules between multi-lateral and bilateral trade agreements andprovide basis to seek ways for harmonizing them.
General exception clauses in the FTAs are the same to those under the WTO,specifically GATT XX and GATS XIV. Although their text is almost identical, theirscope of application is quite different. While it is understood that the chapeau ofGATT XX is applied to GATT 1994 by mentioning this Agreement , generalexceptions in FTAs apply to an FTA as a whole or identify specific chapters suchas rules of origin, sanitary and phytosanitary, technical barriers to trade, etc.
Other than the GATT, TRIMs agreement incorporates exceptions under the GATT1994 and SPS agreement articulate the relationship with GATT XX(b). As a fewpanels and the Appellate Body found, the general exception depends on howeach WTO agreements other than GATT set its exceptions with own flexibilities.
As for GATS XIV, the same text is included in chapter for trade in service in theFTA but most cases include only GATS XIV(a)~(c)/(d). Interestingly, both GATTXX and GATS XIV are incorporated with understanding relating to environmentand preservation of natural resources.
As for investments, the general exception clauses can be classified by 5 types: ¨ç incorporation of GATS XIV only, ¨è combination of GATT XX and GATS XVI, ¨é application of GATS XVI:(a)~(c)/(d), ¨ê mixture of parts of GATT XX andGATS XIV, ¨ë others such as limited application relating to performance requirements.
The recent Korea s FTAs with Australia and Canada include aexception provisions identical with GATT XX:(b), (d) and (g), which is quitesimilar to ¨ë but not limited to performance requirements. As investment underFTA includes both goods and services, GATS XIV is more often included in theFTA for investments. If FTAs include government procurement, most of them incorporate orduplicates GPA s own exception clause which is similar but much more simp-lified language of GATT XX. However, Korea s first FTAs with Chile and Singaporeinclude GATT XX for goods and GATS XIV for services. Regarding e-commerce,FTAs applies either GATT XX or GATS XIV or both.
General exception seems to be a part of fragmentation of international traderules. As seen above, general exception under the WTO is reflected to FTAs butwith different scope. Unlike the GATT 1994, FTAs general exceptions applies toSPS and TBT chapters. Furthermore, general exceptions for investments getsmore complicated since those exceptions vary FTA by FTA. In anticipation of theso-called Mega FTA such as TPP, consistency between multi-lateral and bilateraltrade rules is desired to be harmonized. Otherwise, not only forum shopping butalso rule-shopping is likely to be followed since more favorable provisions arelikely to be sought through FTAs.
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