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On the morning of September 11, nineteen al-Qaeda agents operating in four teams hijacked commercial jetliners, using only box cutters to carry out their task. Casualties from the 9/11 attacks were en...
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On the morning of September 11, nineteen al-Qaeda agents operating in four teams hijacked commercial jetliners, using only box cutters to carry out their task. Casualties from the 9/11 attacks were enormous : 2,998 killed or missing. The economic cost of the attacks was also catastrophic.
This terrorism have changed Americans' perception of domestic and international terrorism. They have forced the nation to reevaluate its state of readiness to protect, prevent, and respond to attacks. These attacks clearly demonstrated the shortcomings of existing institutions and showed the need for a sharper focus on prevention of mitigating the impact of terrorism and also on developing improved capabilities of emergency response.
In the last decades of the twentieth century, terrorism has been adopted as a strategy by a number of groups and movements that do not fit easily into the century's dominant storylines concerning ethno-nationalism, revolutionary leftism, and jihadism.
In general, counter terrorism can be carried out by governmental departments, the military, law enforcement agencies, intelligence agencies, emergency responders and many other groups in society. Counter-terrorism can take a variety of forms.
In the United States, one of the government's first official reactions to 9/11 was the creation of new laws and agencies to counter or combat terrorism.
In a bid to better secure air travel, the U. S. government created the Transportation Security Administration, which effectively nationalized all airport security. And, in 2003, the US Congress created a cabinet-level Department of Homeland Security - the third largest department in the federal governmentdevoted to the prevention of and responses to terrorism. The USA PATRIOT Act was passed by the United States Congress in 2001 as a response to the September 11, 2001 attacks.
The USA PATRIOT Act (commonly known as the Patriot Act) is an Act of the U. S. Congress that was signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001. The title of the act is a ten letter backronym (USA PATRIOT) that stands for Uniting (and) Strengthening America (by) Providing Appropriate Tools Required (to) Intercept (and) Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001.
The purpose of the USA PATRIOT Act is to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world, to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools, and other purposes, some of which include:
¤ýTo strengthen U. S. measures to prevent, detect and prosecute international money laundering and financing of terrorism;
¤ýTo subject to special scrutiny foreign jurisdictions, foreign financial institutions, and classes of international transactions or types of accounts that are susceptible to criminal abuse;
¤ýTo require all appropriate elements of the financial services industry to report potential money laundering;
¤ýTo strengthen measures to prevent use of the U. S. financial system for personal gain by corrupt foreign officials and facilitate repatriation of stolen assets to the citizens of countries to whom such assets belong.
Effective counter-terrorism requires the ability to study and learn from attacks, to improve incident management, as well as having pre-emptive capabilities, and planning, and implementing counter-terrorism approaches that are inclusive, multi-level and multi-dimensional. If society can understand the factors affecting the use and change of terrorist tactics, it will be a significant step in contributing to counter-terrorism and disrupting terrorist operational and support planning and activity.
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Abstract