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In this article the author discusses the origin and history of the hearsay doctrine, including the goals it seeks to achieve and the many exceptions to the rule against hearsay. The author then discus...
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In this article the author discusses the origin and history of the hearsay doctrine, including the goals it seeks to achieve and the many exceptions to the rule against hearsay. The author then discusses that when exceptions to hearsay are offered into evidence against the accused in a criminal prosecution, a conflict exists with the Sixth Amendment right of confrontation. The author discusses the two very different approaches the US Supreme Court decisions has taken in defining the relationship between hearsay doctrine and the right of confrontation, and how hearsay exceptions are presently reconciled with the Confrontation Clause.
An American jury trial is a unique and peculiar system of judicial dispute resolution. In order to promote fair and accurate fact finding by the untrained lay jury, the law of evidence has been developed. Most notable among the limitations on what evidence the jury may receive is the prohibition of evidence in the form of hearsay. The jury may not receive statements made out of court when offered to prove the truth of what is asserted by the statement. Nevertheless, hearsay is a complex and difficult doctrine unique to common law. Much of the complexity lies in the eight exemptions and twenty-eight exceptions to the prohibition of hearsay.
In criminal cases, the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment guarantees the accused the right ¡°to be confronted with the witnesses against him.¡± While the prohibition against hearsay and the right of confrontation protect similar values, the two doctrines do not entirely overlap. Confrontation doctrine has taken many twists and turns, most notably in the relatively recent 2004decision Crawford v. Washington, which reversed Roberts and held that hearsay statements which were ¡°testimonial¡± when made violate the right to confrontation, an entirely new approach to reconciling hearsay and confrontation. How these two doctrines are to be reconciled continues to develop.
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