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KOSDAQ (Korea Securities Dealers Automated Quotation) market has served as a major channel for external financing to help develop technology intensive industries led by promising small and medium enti...
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KOSDAQ (Korea Securities Dealers Automated Quotation) market has served as a major channel for external financing to help develop technology intensive industries led by promising small and medium entities since 1996. Market control system, however, lagged behind the rapid expansion of the market in terms of capitalization, leading to frequent management moral hazards such as embezzlement at initial public offering, back door listing via detours such as equity swaps and/or M&A, lack of adequate disclosure, tax evasion attempts, illegal equity disposal, stock price manipulations etc. This study was motivated by the wide-spread suspicion that the IPO procedure in KOSDAQ market frequently fell to a device for managerial pursuit of self-interests. Specifically, we examine whether the privately-held companies engage in upward earnings management around the time of their IPO using accruals as well as real operating activities. We also investigate whether such upward earnings managements are associated with the managerial pursuit of self-interests in the form of realizing capital gains by selling equity securities after the IPO. By understanding the motives or incentives underlying earnings management behavior of IPO firms, one can develop adequate intuition into the IPO pricing mechanism in the KOSDAQ market context, which will help regulatory agencies to make proper judgements on revising existing rules or stipulating new rules governing the IPO procedure. To achieve the afore-mentioned research objectives, we first examine the magnitude of discretionary accruals and abnormal real activities around the IPO. In particular, we calculate discretionary accruals using the modified Jones model and variants of this model that correct for the bias due to extreme operating performance (Kothari, Leone and Wasley, 2005). Our proxies for real earnings management activities are developed using the models suggested by Roychowdhury (2006) and Cohen and Zarowin (2010). We next examine whether the proxies of accrual and/or real earnings management are systematically related with the disposals of equity securities by major stockholders subsequent to the termination of regulatory lock- up period. In addition, we also examine whether the accrual and real earnings management drives post-IPO operating underperformance. Our main findings are as follows. First, on the basis of abnormal accruals and abnormal real operating activity metrics, we find that across multiple models, discretionary accruals as well as discretional real activities in the year immediately prior to the IPO and in the year of the IPO are significantly positive, which is inconsistent with prior domestic studies that examined the IPOs in the KRX setting instead of KOSDAQ (Choi and Kim, 1997; Kim et al., 2004). This result suggests that the privately-held companies have stronger incentives to manage earnings upward around their IPO in the KOSDAQ market relative to their counterparts in the KRX, and/or the monitoring and checking mechanism exercised by underwriters and external auditors in the KOSDAQ might not be as effective as in the KRX market. Second, we find that the earnings management metrics around the IPO are significantly related with the decreases in the equity holdings of majority shareholders subsequent to the IPO, which suggests that the owner- managers of the firms that go public in the KOSDAQ are likely to use the IPO procedures as means to realize the private capital gains. Third, we find that the upward earnings managements around the IPO are associated with the declines in the operating performance after the IPO, impling that the managerial earnings management around the IPO could eventually result in the detriments of minority stockholders¡¯ interests. This paper contributes to the existing earnings management literature in Korea in a number of respects.
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