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  Researcher, The Institute of Japanese Traditional Culture
  It has generally been understood in Japan that Yog？c？ra Buddhism was imported into Japan directly from China. This view has taken root in Japan since the time of the account given by Gy？nen (凝然 1240-1321) in his Sangoku bupp？ denz？ engi (三國？法？通緣起), where he explained that Japanese Yog？c？ra Buddhism was formed through four successive events of formal introductions directly from China. However if we carefully examine ancient Japanese chronicles and other historical materials, we cannot but doubt the historical accuracy of Gy？nen"s account We have ample evidence to the effect that the works of Silla monks as well as Chinese monks were formally transcribed in the Nara period, and that Zenju (善珠 723-797), who was an important Yog？c？ra monk afftliated with the K？fukuji temple in the Nara period, earnestly studied works from both traditions. Accordingly, we must re-examine the character of Japanese early Yog？c？ra Buddhism by taking into account the viewpoint of relations with Silla Buddhism.

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