This paper introduces an alternative analysis of /n/-insertion in Korean. Korean prefixed words and compounds undergo /n/ or /l/ insertion only when their second constituent has an initial vowel /i/ or glide /j/. Therefore morphological factors such as alignments with syllable boundary cannot account for /n/-insertion. I propose that the positional markedness of word-initial /n/ or /l/ were reversed into the positional unmarkedness of inserted /n/ or /l/. The result of /n/-insertion is analogous to compounds which never undergo deletion of word-medial /n/ or /l/. Hence, insertion of /n/ or /l/ is a type of analogical extensions, which is parallel with intrusive-r of British English. Nevertheless, the inversion of positional markedness proposed in this work is different from the inversion of rule(deletion →insertion). While the insertion rule is directly induced by the deletion rule, positional unmarkedness constraints interact with the other faithfulness, markedness and alignment constraints.

In this study, I paid attention on the chairs on which the owner of the tomb sits, among the crafted products being expressed in the mural painting of tombs of Koguryo(高句麗). Tomb paintings were expressed for limited period of time from the middle of the 4th century to the beginning of the 6th century when life custom's paintings appeared in the wall paintings of tombs of Pyeongyang(平壤) area and Jian(集安) area. Parts attracting our interest among these tomb paintings are regional difference of the structure of seats between Jian area and Pyeongyang area. As indicated, original forms of tomb paintings of Koguryo are found in the curtain scene having been famous at Liaoning(遼寧) areas in the era of Han(漢) dynasty and Weijin(魏晉) dynasty. The reason for the difference of the structure of seats may be because of reflection of different use of seats between Jian area and Pyeongyang area. First of all, in order to understand difference of chair culture being established in Jian area, the researcher analyzed use of Tap(Ta, 榻) and Three leg leaning table(三足?机), one of the Chinese style furniture at Pyeongyang and Hwanghaedo(黃海道) areas. From the fact that owner of tombs appearing in the Anak tomb no. 3(安岳 3號墳) and the Deokheungrigobun(德興里古墳) sitting on chairs being composed of top and Three leg leaning table, I thought that cultual tendency of Northern China had been newly introduced into Pyeongyang area. But Three leg leaning table and Zumi(Zhuwei, 주尾), which were goods showing authority of politicians in the Northern China disappeared after the Deokheungrigobun in 408. That seemed to be because the royal family of Koguryo hadn't needed refugee politicians of China any more in order to control aboriginal Chinese who had settled down at these areas for long time from the period of Naknang(樂浪). At Jian area of Koguryo, chair culture of standing life was established entirely differently from Pyeongyang area. The researcher thought that Koguryo's chair culture wouldn't be unrelated with inner environment where the sitting space and the standing space for putting on shoes were mixed. Korean under-floor heating system was confirmed at house sites of Nodamri, Sijunggun, Jagangdo, remains of Dongdaeja and the Boru Castle no. 4 at the Mt. Acha. In addition, from the fact that the owners of the tombs at the north room of Gakjeochong(角抵塚) and the Tonggu tomb no. 12(通溝12號墳) were warriors, I judged that chair culture enabling quick activities would have been proper for disposition of Koguryo people. As shown in the painting of reception of Buddhist monks found in the Muyongchong(舞踊塚), the Buddhist culture being newly accepted by Koguryo is judged to have made great influence on settlement of chair culture.

In native Korean, there are two contexts for tensification in verbal suffixation, viz. post-obstruent and post-nasal. Previous analyses accounted for these two tensification processes in a separate manner, i.e. the former was treated as articulatorily motivated and the latter as morphologically conditioned. This paper attempts to explain the two types of tensification in a unified way, in that these two processes are invoked to repair ill-formed coda-onset clusters. A lenis obstruent cannot govern a preceding lenis obstruent or nasal, so that this segment undergoes tensification to govern its preceding segment. This is due to the fact that lenis obstruents and nasals are equally ranked in a segmental governing hierarchy. To formally express the equal status of these consonants, this paper adopts the Element Theory, in which the segmental complexity of lenis obstruents is identical to that of nasals, i.e. each type consists of three elements.

Lee, Sang-Oak and Lee, Hyeon-Hie. 1997. A Quantitative Study on the Verbal Endings in Korean. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology, Vol. 3, 203-222. A reliable investigation on the frequency of grammatical elements in the Korean predicate is not yet available. Occurence of prefinal and final endings should be measured statistically for many purposes. In order to facilitate the learning process of Korean, it is desirable to introduce them in parallel with their frequency in Korean corpus. For example, in the case of foreigner's learning Korean as well as the case of Korean children's learning Korean should be guided by these statistics in their textbooks and other reference material such as dictionaries and thesauri. In machine translation, the frequency affects the design of such program in considering favorably high-frequency elements. In selecting the basic form out of Korean past tense markers(-ot-, -at- and -yot-) the most frequent -ot- may be chosen because of its high frequency. (Seoul National University)

This paper examines the paradoxical situation in a stressed antepenultimate position in English suffixed forms. The stressed antepenultimate position forces tense vowels in CiV Tensing, while it requires lax vowels in Tlisyllabic Laxing. For example, the target vowel is tense in the suffixed form harmonious, while it is lax in the suffixed form ominous. I argue that the paradoxical situation on the antepenultimate position derives from the prosodic conspiracy and it can be explained within the framework of Optimality Theory in a principled way.

King Seong of Baekje transferred the capital from Wungjin to Sabi in 538 and named the country Southern Buyeo. As it is today, it was not easy to move a capital of a country. In addition to dealing with the political interests, they must have got the people to perform engineering and construction work, and made public notices to the people because they had to build the palace, walls, and government offices. Judging from the archeological evidences that have been excavated and researched so far, that is the roof tiles(including Wadang), we can conclude that they started to manage Sabi, with Wungjin as their capital, some time between the late 5th century and the early 6th century. We can infer this from the Northern Wi(or Goguryeo) style of roof tiles excavated from the remains of a ruined temple of Buyeo in Yongjeongri. However, we can presume that they practically moved their capital in the early period of King Seong, judging from the Daetongmyeong Ingack tile and the Dongbeom Wadang of Daetong Temple Remains which were found in the majority of relics, such as Buso mountain fortress, the assumed palace site in Kwanbukri, the remains of Dongnamri, and the previous Cheonwang temple site in Guari. And the location might be the southern hilly districts including the present Buso mountain fortress, and the Guari and Dongnamri disctirts in the west. Through more advanced research into the earthen wares and flat roof tiles, we need to make clearer about the management of Sabi in the Wungjin period.

The Buddhistic gilt bronze sculpture, donated by Shin Myo, the 4th year of region period Gyeng which has correct excavated area and inscription takes possession of important position as Koguryo chronological era, buddhism contents and buddhist sculpture style. So I analyzed buddhist sculpture into various aspects, because despite its importance, studies about them were not activated. First of all, in chapter Ⅱ, I present interpretation of inscription which I researched personally. I confirmed the fact that ‘景’, which had been a point of dispute, is Koguryo chronological era. I regarded “景”, for a word what had been ordinally thought, as two words, “景□” or “□景”. It must be sculptured by omitting. In chapter Ⅲ, the word “賤奴” in the inscription interpreted the characteristic of Koguryo Buddhism which had been formed by interchange with South Dynasties in China. Also, according to my own interpretation of inscription, I pointed out that the names are different from public peace for dead persons to desirous buddhist sculpture. That is, Amitabha and Maitreya which was not only the things for desire were not the Buddhist Elysium phase, but also it was derived from Buddihism influence of North Wei Dynasty. Rather, it seemed that they adored Amitabha and Maitrya at the same time under the influence of South Dynasty Buddihism. In chapter Ⅳ, I mentioned concretely examples of North Dynasties Buddhist sculpture and Shantung Province Buddhist sculpture on the basis of existing studies that it had been presented the connection between North Dynasties and Shantung province by structures of Sataues of Buddha with nimbus. I confirmed that the Buddhistic gilt bronze sculpture, donated by Shin Myo, the 4th year of region period Gyeng is more closer relation with North Dynasties Buddhist sculpture, especially Shantung Province Buddhist sculpture rather than South Dynasties Buddhist sculpture as style of halo and sculpture. In chapter Ⅴ, I tried to testify the reason that Buddhist sculpture style of Koguryo appeared strong influences of Shantung Province in Buddhist sculpture style, and I hoped to explain the reason is the sea route. Koguryo passed through Shantung Province area when they visited North Dynasties and South Dynasties. Because of the geological reasons, Koguryo sculpture was involved influences of Shantung Province Buddhist sculpture. The Buddhistic gilt bronze sculpture, donated by Shin Myo, the 4th year of region period Gyeng is a Buddhist sculpture of Koguryo, and it could be thought the thing from 571 year through its Buddhist sculpture style. It still was showed the old style, East Wei Dynasty than the style of North Qi Dynasty that had a great vogue at that time. The Buddhism which was included in this Buddhist sculpture had more closer relationship with South Dynasties, but Buddhist sculpture style and structure is more on Shantung Province Buddhist sculpture. In conclusion, we can read both aspects of North Dynasties and South Dynasties in Koguryo Buddhism on the 6th century through the Buddhistic gilt bronze sculpture, donated by Shin Myo, the 4th year of region period Gyeng.

This paper examines Appositive Antecedent Containment (AACD) construction, in which VP-ellipsis appears within an appositive relative clause, and argues that Parallelism plays a role in accounting for AACD (cf. Fiengo and May 1994, Fox and Lasnik 2003). However, contra the standard assumption, the paper proposes to modify Parallelism in such a way that it needs to be satisfied more locally. More accurately, it argues that ellipsis is licensed only up to the point that satisfies Parallelism. In some cases, the modified Parallelism has effects of licensing ellipsis, which would not be permitted by the standard Parallelism. The proposed analysis also provides an account for the typical ACD construction, where VP ellipsis appears in a restrictive relative clause.

The pcurpose of this writing is to set the octagonal buildings, one of the representative building type of Goguryeo architecture, in historic sequence as we have the news of discovery of the octagonal building sites within the palace sites that is newly discovered from the excavation of China on the Hwando Mountain Fortress of Goguryo (currently, Jilin Province). By comprehensive search of archaeological and architectural writings in North Korean academic sector with the focus on the octagonal shape of buildings, I have attempted to set the standard needed for understanding of the functions and characteristic of the octagonal buildings. To this point of time, the octagonal buildings have taken special position within the architectural history of Korea as well as the architectural history of Goguryeo. Under the Cheongam-ri site, Sango-ri site and Wono-ri site (located in Pyeongyang) surveyed under the Japanese colonial time, the Garam (Buddhist temple) site plan with octagonal wooden pagoda site in focus was confirmed. After the liberation in 1945, the Garam site plan was discovered in the Jeongreungsa Temple site in Pyeongyang and Toseong-ri temple site in Whanghae-do Province of North Korea that the octagonal wooden pagoda sites have taken as the representative architectural form for Goguryeo. Thereafter, the octagonal buildings have become the unique and independent work of Goguryeo, and even when the Buddhist temples, so-called three-main hall composition, were dispersed to neighboring countries, it could not display the octagonal shape. Octagonal stylobate, octagonal column, octagonal ceiling and other architectural elements with octagonal shape are emerged only in the relics of Goguryeo that such a discourse is expected to continue for some time. The assertions that the octagonal stone lamp or octagonal stone well of Balhae and octagonal stone pagoda in Goryeo were inherited from Goguryeo were based on the above discourse. However, under the excavation survey of the Yeongmyosa Temple site (1978 and 1981) in Gyeongju had a pair of octagonal wooden pagoda discovered. And in Najeong excavation site, a place with the myth of foundation of Silla Kingdom, the large octagonal building site that attracted significant interests from the domestic academic sector was discovered in 2002. Therefore, as the method of spatial composition or scale of octagonal building sites discovered in Najeong site in Gyeongju is analysed, the ensuing studies are planned to compare the octagonal building sites of Goguryeo with that of Silla. Furthermore, a comparative study on the octagonal pagoda of China or octagonal shrine building of Japan is made to shed the light on the status of octagonal buildings in East Asia in the aspects of function and structure.

We argue that the way a predicate is morphosyntactically structured influences the availability of the morphological means of expressing Voice, and that the periphrasis is a last resort kicking in when the morphological means is blocked due to independently motivated morphosyntactic constraints on how verbs are structured. For all intents and purposes, the morphological causative is a single predicate, however complex it may be, and it is sensitive to the morphological constituency of the base to which it is applied. On the other hand, the periphrastic causative involves sentential embedding and is not subject to the morphosyntactic constraint. The asymmetry in terms of the agentivity of the causee and the possibility of idiomatic readings stems from this difference.

This paper examines the change of Middle Korean Diphthong System in accordance with OT principles and particle phonology. As a result, it is discovered that the vowel of Hunminjungeum is classified into mora. Also the change of Middle Korean Diphthong System in OT aims for unmarked simple vowel, that the correspondence among "syllable: nucleus: mora: constituent element" becomes unmarked '1:1:1:1.' The precise example for the change is the simple vocalization of 2 mora Sanghap-ca. But if the Sanghap-ca that changed into simple vowel is the marked secondary vowel, it then is changed into unmarked diphthong, which is 1 mora 2 segment. In all these processes, composing particle and feature showed constancy. The constraints hierarchy that controls the changing process is as follows. (1) Nbranch (nucleus node branching)≫IDENT-IO(S)≫MAX-IO, DEP-IO; (2) IDENT-IO(S)≫Nbranch≫MAX-IO, DEP-IO; (3) Nbranch≫V[-B,+R]≫Mbranch (mora node branching)≫IDENT-IO(S).

In this treatise I examine about the succession of Gochosun's Founder myth and the cognition of Tangun(檀君). B.C. 4C, Chosunhu(朝鮮侯) declare the Kingship(稱王) and war against upon Yun(燕). It meant that Gochosun grow up to State and prepare the system of State Founder‘s genealogy. It show that the King’s dignity and the concrete name of Founder, Tangun(檀君) In Kogurye(高句麗) society had two type of king's family, the former sonobu(消奴部) the later Gaerubu(桂婁部). So I conculde that Tangun is the original ancestor of Sonobu(消奴部), which is the pre-royal family before Gaerubu(桂婁部) in Kogurye. To reach this conclusion I pass through three phases. First, I examine mural paintings in Kogurye tumulus, especially Kakjeochong(角抵塚) and Jangchun No.1(長川1號墳). These mural paintings are already discussed about the connection of Tangun myth. Therefore I reaffirm the importance of theses paintings which described bear and tiger, and from these data, I infer that the Tangun myth subsist in 4-5C in Kogurye society. Second, I make a comparison between Sonobu(消奴部) which the pre-royal family in Kogurye and Songyang(松讓) which struggle with Jumong(朱蒙) for power in premitive Kogurye. I consider the two as one and the same political group. Songyang compete with Jumong about the sacred genealogy. In this debate Songyang lay great emphasis on the connection of Sunin(仙人) and Jumong put on the Chunson(天孫). Sunin have many points in common characters with god of mountain(山神). In Tangun myth Woongye(熊女) symbolize the god of mountain. So I draw an inference Sunin interconnected with Tangun. And Songyang is a branch of Junwang-Gochosun(準王系古朝鮮) retains the Tangun myth as the founding myth of Dynasty. Third, I compare the culture of Soto(蘇塗) and Chungun(天君) with Songyang(松讓) and Tangun(檀君). So I conculde that Soto culture related to Songyang and likely Sinsotokuk(臣蘇塗國), Songyang political group (松讓國) grow up Proto Kogurye state. But after the Gaerubu(桂婁部) acquire power in Kogurye society, decline in it's leadership ability. And the myth of Songyang'founder is dispirited. But after three-kingdom age and the unified Shilla age, the myth of Songyang'founder revive as the total Korean ancesstor myth, namely Tangun(檀君) myth in Koryo(高麗) Age.

Kang, Ongmi, 1998, A Correspondence Theoretic Analysis on Korean Partial Reduplication. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 4, 31-54. The purpose of this paper is to analyze Korean partial redu-plication under Correspondence Theory. The size and phonological content of each reduplicant is determined by the constraint ranking between 1-0 faithfullness, B-R Identity and Phono-Constraints. I claim that prefixing and suffixing reduplication behave differently from internal reduplication. In other words, internal reduplication is just a case of the emergence of the unmarked: the size of internal reduplicant is CV; it does not allow any laryngeal features; t shows up in the prespecified reduplicant. Internal reduplicants surface word-internally and therefore, speaker oriented Phono-Constaints dominte hearer-oriented Faithfullness constraints, while prefixing and suffixing reduplicants surface at word-edges and therefore, Faithfullness constraints dominate Phono-Constraints. (Chosun University)

This paper argues that phonologically unconditioned tensification functions as a marker of syntactic boundaries in both compounds and syntactic constructions. To prove the argument, this paper sets up a working hypothesis, and shows that it correctly predicts the occurrence of the tensification. The hypothesis, named syntactic environment hypothesis, predicts that phonologically unconditioned tensification takes place at syntactic boundaries. For example, it predicts that the tensification in point never occurs between verb roots and derivational suffixes because the morpheme sequence forms a morphological structure. It also predicts that the tensification occurs at syntactic boundaries. One of the syntactic boundaries lies between the misleadingly called verbal stems and endings. This conception is supported by independent syntactic evidence. The hypothesis provides a better understanding of phonologically unconditioned tensification in compound constructions. That is, compounds originating from syntactic constructions show tensificiation, while typical compounds do not.