Kim Wonbo. 1999. Verb suffixation -an/-an Alternation in Cheju Dialect. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 5, 105-122. The purpose of this paper is to show that verb suffixation -an/-an alternation in Cheju dialect is a vowel harmony phenomenon between a vowel in a verb stem and either a vowel "a" or "a" in verb suffixation -an/ -an. To do so, I will account for the verb suffixation -an/-an alternation in Cheju dialect on the basis of underspecified hierarchical feature organization. (Cheju National University)

The purpose of this paper is to investigate in Optimality Theory the set of constraints which substitutes the set of the rules of Standard Theory which deals with the behaviors of Malay consonants. This paper also works on the ranking of such constraints. The language under consideration is JM (Johore Malay), a Malay dialect spoken in the southern area of Malay Peninsula, and in this language the discrepancies between input and output are observed especially when a nasal consonant is to be followed by other consonants. In order to deal with such phenomena we need to posit the constraints such as *NC_son, *N[C_obstr, RootLin, ICC(P1), Ident(n), Ident(vd), MAX( [C+vd]) and so on. What is notable among these is that the constraint *N[C_obstr has to mention the morpheme boundary between a prefix ending with a nasal consonant and a root beginning with a voiceless obstruent.

Korean Gapping constructions are examined in this paper, following Johnson (1994, 2003) and Lopez and Winkler (2003). Based on the observation that the Korean honorific si appears in the second conjunct only, it is argued that the operation AGREE takes place in the second conjunct while the ATB movement occurs out of both conjuncts. The first conjunct is accordingly analyzed as the vP conjunct where si never appears. It is claimed that Nominative Case in the gapped conjunct is a default case. The CSC violation does not occur in Korean Gapping due to the weak EPP features which do not raise the subject to the Spec, TP. The negation scope and NPI facts are discussed to show that Gapping is the vP/NegP coordination rather than the CP coordination. The binding facts are argued for the vP coordination analysis against Sohn (2001). The residue of Gapping constructions including wh-phrases and topicalized phrases is analyzed to provide evidence for the vP coordination.

Kang, Ongmi, 1998, A Correspondence Theoretic Analysis on Korean Partial Reduplication. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 4, 31-54. The purpose of this paper is to analyze Korean partial redu-plication under Correspondence Theory. The size and phonological content of each reduplicant is determined by the constraint ranking between 1-0 faithfullness, B-R Identity and Phono-Constraints. I claim that prefixing and suffixing reduplication behave differently from internal reduplication. In other words, internal reduplication is just a case of the emergence of the unmarked: the size of internal reduplicant is CV; it does not allow any laryngeal features; t shows up in the prespecified reduplicant. Internal reduplicants surface word-internally and therefore, speaker oriented Phono-Constaints dominte hearer-oriented Faithfullness constraints, while prefixing and suffixing reduplicants surface at word-edges and therefore, Faithfullness constraints dominate Phono-Constraints. (Chosun University)

The feature of the bit of 4th century excavated in Cheongju and Cheonan province, is in large part 2link-type iron point bit. Reins is one cable made by two strands of iron bar, the linking a reins' exterior ring to a strap's interior ring is directly connected. The feature of strap is short length. It includes reins made of 2cables stranded iron bar, one cable strap made of 2cables stranded iron bar, short shovel handle-type strap, relatively long shovel handle-type strap made of 2cables stranded each iron bar, zero strap, etc. Among them, 1cable stranded strap is found only in the early 4th century of Baekje and Gaya. It is assumed to be found during early horse trappings introduced in Baekje was being settled. The short shovel handle-type strap inside a point bit and plate bit of Bongmyundong C-31 and Doojeongdong I-5, originates in the short shovel handle-type strap of the early Buyeo, Seonbi, Goguryeo, northeast of China. The Bongmyungdong C-31 is assumed to be the oldest type. And, the short shovel handle-type strap introduced in Baekje, in the process of being settled, had changed into a relatively long shovel handle-type strap made of 2cables stranded each iron bar. As going to 5th century, strap's exterior ring not stranded 2cables, is assumed to be developed into U-shape shovel handle-type with staples on both ends. The early Baekje's bit is connected to the early bit of Seonbi, Buyeo, Goguryeo, northeast of China. The initial introduction of bit into Baekje is assumed to be done through northwest district. And, the early bit of China's northeast area introduced in Baekje, assumes an aspect of being settled in Baekje to some degree. This bit is considered to affect to the early horse trappings of Gaya and Oae. As to the chronicle of the early Baekje's bit, current study shows that Bongmyungdong C-31 with the oldest type, short shovel handle-type strap belongs to early 4th century, stranded 1cable strap formed settled and shovel handle-type strap made of 2cables stranded each iron bar belong to middle to end of 4th century.

The Buddhistic gilt bronze sculpture, donated by Shin Myo, the 4th year of region period Gyeng which has correct excavated area and inscription takes possession of important position as Koguryo chronological era, buddhism contents and buddhist sculpture style. So I analyzed buddhist sculpture into various aspects, because despite its importance, studies about them were not activated. First of all, in chapter Ⅱ, I present interpretation of inscription which I researched personally. I confirmed the fact that ‘景’, which had been a point of dispute, is Koguryo chronological era. I regarded “景”, for a word what had been ordinally thought, as two words, “景□” or “□景”. It must be sculptured by omitting. In chapter Ⅲ, the word “賤奴” in the inscription interpreted the characteristic of Koguryo Buddhism which had been formed by interchange with South Dynasties in China. Also, according to my own interpretation of inscription, I pointed out that the names are different from public peace for dead persons to desirous buddhist sculpture. That is, Amitabha and Maitreya which was not only the things for desire were not the Buddhist Elysium phase, but also it was derived from Buddihism influence of North Wei Dynasty. Rather, it seemed that they adored Amitabha and Maitrya at the same time under the influence of South Dynasty Buddihism. In chapter Ⅳ, I mentioned concretely examples of North Dynasties Buddhist sculpture and Shantung Province Buddhist sculpture on the basis of existing studies that it had been presented the connection between North Dynasties and Shantung province by structures of Sataues of Buddha with nimbus. I confirmed that the Buddhistic gilt bronze sculpture, donated by Shin Myo, the 4th year of region period Gyeng is more closer relation with North Dynasties Buddhist sculpture, especially Shantung Province Buddhist sculpture rather than South Dynasties Buddhist sculpture as style of halo and sculpture. In chapter Ⅴ, I tried to testify the reason that Buddhist sculpture style of Koguryo appeared strong influences of Shantung Province in Buddhist sculpture style, and I hoped to explain the reason is the sea route. Koguryo passed through Shantung Province area when they visited North Dynasties and South Dynasties. Because of the geological reasons, Koguryo sculpture was involved influences of Shantung Province Buddhist sculpture. The Buddhistic gilt bronze sculpture, donated by Shin Myo, the 4th year of region period Gyeng is a Buddhist sculpture of Koguryo, and it could be thought the thing from 571 year through its Buddhist sculpture style. It still was showed the old style, East Wei Dynasty than the style of North Qi Dynasty that had a great vogue at that time. The Buddhism which was included in this Buddhist sculpture had more closer relationship with South Dynasties, but Buddhist sculpture style and structure is more on Shantung Province Buddhist sculpture. In conclusion, we can read both aspects of North Dynasties and South Dynasties in Koguryo Buddhism on the 6th century through the Buddhistic gilt bronze sculpture, donated by Shin Myo, the 4th year of region period Gyeng.

In this treatise I examine about the succession of Gochosun's Founder myth and the cognition of Tangun(檀君). B.C. 4C, Chosunhu(朝鮮侯) declare the Kingship(稱王) and war against upon Yun(燕). It meant that Gochosun grow up to State and prepare the system of State Founder‘s genealogy. It show that the King’s dignity and the concrete name of Founder, Tangun(檀君) In Kogurye(高句麗) society had two type of king's family, the former sonobu(消奴部) the later Gaerubu(桂婁部). So I conculde that Tangun is the original ancestor of Sonobu(消奴部), which is the pre-royal family before Gaerubu(桂婁部) in Kogurye. To reach this conclusion I pass through three phases. First, I examine mural paintings in Kogurye tumulus, especially Kakjeochong(角抵塚) and Jangchun No.1(長川1號墳). These mural paintings are already discussed about the connection of Tangun myth. Therefore I reaffirm the importance of theses paintings which described bear and tiger, and from these data, I infer that the Tangun myth subsist in 4-5C in Kogurye society. Second, I make a comparison between Sonobu(消奴部) which the pre-royal family in Kogurye and Songyang(松讓) which struggle with Jumong(朱蒙) for power in premitive Kogurye. I consider the two as one and the same political group. Songyang compete with Jumong about the sacred genealogy. In this debate Songyang lay great emphasis on the connection of Sunin(仙人) and Jumong put on the Chunson(天孫). Sunin have many points in common characters with god of mountain(山神). In Tangun myth Woongye(熊女) symbolize the god of mountain. So I draw an inference Sunin interconnected with Tangun. And Songyang is a branch of Junwang-Gochosun(準王系古朝鮮) retains the Tangun myth as the founding myth of Dynasty. Third, I compare the culture of Soto(蘇塗) and Chungun(天君) with Songyang(松讓) and Tangun(檀君). So I conculde that Soto culture related to Songyang and likely Sinsotokuk(臣蘇塗國), Songyang political group (松讓國) grow up Proto Kogurye state. But after the Gaerubu(桂婁部) acquire power in Kogurye society, decline in it's leadership ability. And the myth of Songyang'founder is dispirited. But after three-kingdom age and the unified Shilla age, the myth of Songyang'founder revive as the total Korean ancesstor myth, namely Tangun(檀君) myth in Koryo(高麗) Age.

Ahn, Hyunkee. 2000. Revisiting Post-Stop Tensification and Stop Nasalization in Korean. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 6.1, 75-101. This paper aims to provide a phonetically grounded explanation for two Korean phonological processes: Post-Stop Tensification and Obstruent Nasalization. The main research question in this paper is what makes both phonological patterns language-particular, but phonetically natural. This paper is an attempt to answer this question in a unified way. First, based on the phonetic findings, we will incorporate two laryngeal features [stiff vocal folds] and [slack vocal folds] into the phonological treatment of Korean stops, while maintaining the two features [constricted glottis] and [spread glottis] as it is normally done in current phonological studies. Second, we will argue for the need to impose the feature [stiff vocal folds] on the neutralized unreleased stops. Finally, we will show that both phonological processes provide an optimal strategy for the laryngeal settings in an environment following a neutralized stop. Specifically, it will be discussed that, for physiological reasons, it is easier to articulate laryngeal settings that are not likely to be changed during the extended vocal tract closure made by the two combined segments in question--i.e., either two succeeding obstruents or a sequence of stop and nasal sounds. (Kyung Hee University)

Kim, Hyoung-youb. 1997. A Study on Inflection in Korean. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 3, 77-97. This paper is to show that inflection in Korean should be reconsidered to account for the redundant distribution of a nominative honorific suffix and a nominative case marker in the same word. According to the analysis based on morphosyntax the combination of these suffixes in the same word doesn't have to occur in any case. However, as Sells (1995) has shown the two suffixes are allowed to be combined without causing any grammatical problems in Korean. In this paper I will show that these suffixes are not included in the same category in order to support the appearance of these suffixes in the same word. Based on Booij (1995) and MarIe (1995) the honorific suffixes such as '-kkeyse, -kkey' will be classified as inherent inflection, while other suffixes such as case markers and topic markers will be classified as contextual inflection. Thus, the combination of an honorific suffix and a case marker would cause no problems because they are included in different categories, which possess different morphological functions. (Korea University at Seochang Campus)

This paper investigates children's production errors involving consonant substitute and deletion in the acquisition of Korean. The data were longitudinally collected from 4 children, 2-year-old raised in a monolingual standard Korean environment. Most of the previous analyses accounted for the consonants deletion by the high ranked No-Coda constraint in child language. In this paper, however, it is shown that certain consonants deletion and substitute are triggered by Agree(pl) constraint which demands consonant clusters agree in place of articulation. Agree(pl) along with other universal constraints and their ranking can uniformly explain seemingly different phonological modifications. This indicates that Agree(pl), but not No-Coda, is a dominant markedness constraint in the initial stages of grammar. Each child will differ from others in its ranking of relevant faithfulness constraints, as the children's preferred methods of satisfying Agree(pl) are not identical.

King Seong of Baekje transferred the capital from Wungjin to Sabi in 538 and named the country Southern Buyeo. As it is today, it was not easy to move a capital of a country. In addition to dealing with the political interests, they must have got the people to perform engineering and construction work, and made public notices to the people because they had to build the palace, walls, and government offices. Judging from the archeological evidences that have been excavated and researched so far, that is the roof tiles(including Wadang), we can conclude that they started to manage Sabi, with Wungjin as their capital, some time between the late 5th century and the early 6th century. We can infer this from the Northern Wi(or Goguryeo) style of roof tiles excavated from the remains of a ruined temple of Buyeo in Yongjeongri. However, we can presume that they practically moved their capital in the early period of King Seong, judging from the Daetongmyeong Ingack tile and the Dongbeom Wadang of Daetong Temple Remains which were found in the majority of relics, such as Buso mountain fortress, the assumed palace site in Kwanbukri, the remains of Dongnamri, and the previous Cheonwang temple site in Guari. And the location might be the southern hilly districts including the present Buso mountain fortress, and the Guari and Dongnamri disctirts in the west. Through more advanced research into the earthen wares and flat roof tiles, we need to make clearer about the management of Sabi in the Wungjin period.

The pcurpose of this writing is to set the octagonal buildings, one of the representative building type of Goguryeo architecture, in historic sequence as we have the news of discovery of the octagonal building sites within the palace sites that is newly discovered from the excavation of China on the Hwando Mountain Fortress of Goguryo (currently, Jilin Province). By comprehensive search of archaeological and architectural writings in North Korean academic sector with the focus on the octagonal shape of buildings, I have attempted to set the standard needed for understanding of the functions and characteristic of the octagonal buildings. To this point of time, the octagonal buildings have taken special position within the architectural history of Korea as well as the architectural history of Goguryeo. Under the Cheongam-ri site, Sango-ri site and Wono-ri site (located in Pyeongyang) surveyed under the Japanese colonial time, the Garam (Buddhist temple) site plan with octagonal wooden pagoda site in focus was confirmed. After the liberation in 1945, the Garam site plan was discovered in the Jeongreungsa Temple site in Pyeongyang and Toseong-ri temple site in Whanghae-do Province of North Korea that the octagonal wooden pagoda sites have taken as the representative architectural form for Goguryeo. Thereafter, the octagonal buildings have become the unique and independent work of Goguryeo, and even when the Buddhist temples, so-called three-main hall composition, were dispersed to neighboring countries, it could not display the octagonal shape. Octagonal stylobate, octagonal column, octagonal ceiling and other architectural elements with octagonal shape are emerged only in the relics of Goguryeo that such a discourse is expected to continue for some time. The assertions that the octagonal stone lamp or octagonal stone well of Balhae and octagonal stone pagoda in Goryeo were inherited from Goguryeo were based on the above discourse. However, under the excavation survey of the Yeongmyosa Temple site (1978 and 1981) in Gyeongju had a pair of octagonal wooden pagoda discovered. And in Najeong excavation site, a place with the myth of foundation of Silla Kingdom, the large octagonal building site that attracted significant interests from the domestic academic sector was discovered in 2002. Therefore, as the method of spatial composition or scale of octagonal building sites discovered in Najeong site in Gyeongju is analysed, the ensuing studies are planned to compare the octagonal building sites of Goguryeo with that of Silla. Furthermore, a comparative study on the octagonal pagoda of China or octagonal shrine building of Japan is made to shed the light on the status of octagonal buildings in East Asia in the aspects of function and structure.

English employs an extraposition process that places a heavy constituent to the sentential final position. This process can be applied not only to the subject but to the object as well. The paper first performs a corpus search and identifies canonical examples that we believe can represent the main patterns of English extraposition. The paper, after a brief review of the previous theoretical approaches, then tries to provide a constraint-based analysis that treats extraposition as a nonlocal dependency. The present analysis, placing an emphasis on the interaction among different grammatical components, seems to serve as a viable alternative to the previous analyses.

In this paper, I investigate aspiration merger and /s/-tensification in Korean that occur when segment /h/ is next to obstruents. First, I discuss the claims made by Davis and Cho (2003) for aspiration merger, and argue that one of their claims, namely that the skeletal slot of segment /h/ deletes in word-internal position, cannot be maintained. I show that the data they based their claim on are too limited. Instead, I suggest that when /h/ precedes another consonant, its skeletal slot never deletes, but rather triggers /s/-tensification and etc. In particular, I will argue that tense [S*] is a long segment (cf. geminate) and is derived in /h-s/ sequence as the result of the spreading of the frication of plain /s/ to a preceding skeletal slot previously occupied by /h/. The claim that (prosodic word-internal) intervocalic tense [S*] is a long segment (i.e. geminate) in Korean is based on a perception study on English [s] into Korean that shows that the length of frication significantly affects Koreans' perception of English [s] into tense [S*] and plain [s] (cf. Kang and Kang 2004).

This article aims to explain the synchronically opaque phonological behaviors of the so-called '/s/-irregular stems' of Korean. I claim that it is not hard to see that synchronic phonological systems do operate elegantly, once the historical perspective is adopted. I review the actual historical sound changes the relevant sounds underwent in terms of constraint re-ranking. Specifically, I argue that the re-ranking of relevant constraints was totally responsible for the loss of a particular phoneme, which in turn produced the opacity in current phonological system of Korean. It will also be demonstrated that the admittedly unpredictable alternation of stem-final /s/ of the contemporary Korean could be analyzed synchronically successfully with a single ranking of constraints I propose in this article.